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The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2021Based on the study and research on the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, the types and functions of gut microbiota, and its role in guiding and regulating the...
Based on the study and research on the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, the types and functions of gut microbiota, and its role in guiding and regulating the occurrence and development of diseases, we have explored the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of colorectal cancer by regulating the gut microbiota. Genetic variation, abnormal responses of innate and adaptive immunity, mucosal barrier dysfunction, imbalance of intestinal microbial colonization, personal and environmental risk factors are the main pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. The gut microbiota mainly includes (including , , and ) and (including and ), which have biological antagonism, nutrition for the organism, metabolic abilities, immune stimulation, and ability to shape cancer genes functions to body. The gut microbiota can be related to the health of the host. Current studies have shown that Chinese herbal compound, single medicinal materials, and monomer components can treat colorectal cancer by regulating the gut microbiota, such as Xiaoyaosan can increase the abundance of , , and and decrease the abundance of and . Therefore, studying the regulation and mechanism of gut microbiota on colorectal cancer is of great benefit to disease treatment.
Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33827382
DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X21500385 -
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Sep 2022Globally, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) restricted the armamentarium of the health care providers against infectious diseases, mainly due to the emergence of multidrug... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Globally, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) restricted the armamentarium of the health care providers against infectious diseases, mainly due to the emergence of multidrug resistant. This review is aimed at providing contemporary bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern among pregnant women with significant bacteriuria.
METHODS
Electronic biomedical databases and indexing services such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched. Original records of research articles, available online from 2008 to 2021, addressing the prevalence of significant bacteriuria and AMR pattern among pregnant women and written in English were identified and screened. The relevant data were extracted from included studies using a format prepared in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA 14.0 software for the outcome measure analyses and subgrouping.
RESULTS
The data of 5894 urine samples from 20 included studies conducted in 8 regions of the country were pooled. The overall pooled estimate of bacteriuria was 15% (95% CI 13-17%, I = 77.94%, p < 0.001) with substantial heterogeneity. The pooled estimate of Escherichia coli recovered from isolates of 896 urine samples was 41% (95% CI 38-45%) followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 22% (95% CI 18-26%), Staphylococcus aureus, 15% (95% CI 12-18%), Staphylococcus saprophytic, 12% (95% CI 6-18%) Proteus mirabilis, 7% (95% CI 4-10%), Enterococcus species, 6% (0-12%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4% (2-6%), Citrobacter species, 4% (95% CI 2-4%), Group B streptococcus, 3% (1-5%), and Enterobacter species, 2% (1-4%). Multidrug resistance proportions of E. coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative staphylococci, 83% (95% CI 76-91%), 78% (95% CI 66-90%), 89% (95% CI 83-96%), and 78% (95% CI 67-88%), respectively.
CONCLUSION
The result of current review revealed the occurrence of substantial bacteriuria among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Resistance among common bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococci species) causing UTIs in pregnant women is widespread to commonly used antibiotics. The high rate of drug resistance in turn warrants the need for regular epidemiological surveillance of antibiotic resistance and implementation of an efficient infection control and stewardship program.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacteriuria; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35032208
DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06365-4 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Mar 2020Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear, comprising a spectrum of diseases. It is the commonest episode of infection in children, which often occurs after an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear, comprising a spectrum of diseases. It is the commonest episode of infection in children, which often occurs after an acute upper respiratory tract infection. Otitis media is ranked as the second most important cause of hearing loss and the fifth global burden of disease with a higher incidence in developing worlds like Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Therefore, this systematic review is aimed to quantitatively estimate the current status of bacterial otitis media, bacterial etiology and their susceptibility profile in sub-Saharan Africa.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted from major databases and indexing services including EMBASE (Ovid interface), PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, WHO African Index-Medicus and others. All studies (published and unpublished) addressing the prevalence of otitis media and clinical isolates conducted in sub-Saharan Africa were included. Format prepared in Microsoft Excel was used to extract the data and data was exported to Stata version 15 software for the analyses. Der-Simonian-Laird random-effects model at a 95% confidence level was used for pooled estimation of outcomes. The degree of heterogeneity was presented with I statistics. Publication bias was presented with funnel plots of standard error supplemented by Begg's and Egger's tests. The study protocol is registered on PROSPERO with reference number ID: CRD42018102485 and the published methodology is available from http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/CRD42018102485.
RESULTS
A total of 33 studies with 6034 patients were included in this study. All studies have collected ear swab/discharge samples for bacterial isolation. The pooled isolation rate of bacterial agents from the CSOM subgroup was 98%, patients with otitis media subgroup 87% and pediatric otitis media 86%. A univariate meta-regression analysis indicated the type of otitis media was a possible source of heterogeneity (p-value = 0.001). The commonest isolates were P. aeruginosa (23-25%), S. aureus (18-27%), Proteus species (11-19%) and Klebsiella species. High level of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanate, Cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin, and Cefuroxime.
CONCLUSION
The analysis revealed that bacterial pathogens like P. aeruginosa and S. aureus are majorly responsible for otitis media in sub-Saharan Africa. The isolates have a high level of resistance to commonly used drugs for the management of otitis media.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Bacterial Infections; Child; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Otitis Media; Prevalence; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 32183752
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4950-y -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2021Antibiotic resistance (ABR) restricts the armamentarium of health-care providers against infectious diseases due to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR),... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) restricts the armamentarium of health-care providers against infectious diseases due to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), especially in Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to determine pooled estimates of Gram-negative bacteria, their resistance profiles, and rates of MDR in patients with wound infection in Ethiopia.
METHODS
Electronic databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. Original articles, available online from 1988 to 2020, addressing the prevalence and resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacteria in patients with wound infection and written in English were screened. The data were extracted using a format prepared in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA 14.0 for the outcome analyses.
RESULTS
The data of 15,647 wound samples, from 36 studies conducted in 5 regions of the country, were pooled. The overall pooled estimate of Gram-negative bacteria was 59% [95% CI: 52-65%, I = 96.41%, p < 0.001]. The pooled estimate of recovered from isolates of 5205 wound samples was 17% [95% CI: 14-20%], followed by , 11% [95% CI: 9-14%], , 11% [95% CI: 9-13%], , 8% [95% CI: 6-10%], Acinetobacter species, 4% [95% CI: 2-6%], Enterobacter species, 4% [95% CI: 3-5%], and Citrobacter species, 3% [95% CI: 2-4%]. Multidrug resistance prevalence estimates of , . , Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species and Acinetobacter species were 76% [95% CI: 66-86%], 84% [95% CI: 78-91%], 66% [95% CI:43-88%], 83% [95% CI:75-91%], 87% [95% CI:78-96%], 68% [95% CI:50-87%] and 71% [95% CI:46-96%], respectively.
CONCLUSION
There was high resistance in Gram-negative bacteria from wound specimens to commonly used antibiotics in Ethiopia. The data warrant the need of regular epidemiological surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and implementation of an efficient infection control program.
PubMed: 33542636
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S289687 -
Journal of Intelligence Jul 2023As an artificial space extended from the physical environment, the virtual environment (VE) provides more possibilities for humans to work and be entertained with less... (Review)
Review
As an artificial space extended from the physical environment, the virtual environment (VE) provides more possibilities for humans to work and be entertained with less physical restrictions. Benefiting from anonymity, one of the important features of VEs, users are able to receive visual stimuli that might differ from the physical environment through digital representations presented in VEs. Avatars and contextual cues in VEs can be considered as digital representations of users and contexts. In this article, we analyzed 21 articles that examined the creativity-boosting effects of different digital user and contextual representations. We summarized the main effects induced by these two digital representations, notably the effect induced by the self-similar avatar, Proteus effect, avatar with Social Identity Cues, priming effect induced by contextual representation, and embodied metaphorical effect. In addition, we examined the influence of immersion on creativity by comparing non-immersive and immersive VEs (i.e., desktop VE and headset VE, respectively). Last, we discussed the roles of embodiment and presence in the creativity in VEs, which were overlooked in the past research.
PubMed: 37504787
DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11070144 -
PloS One 2014Gram negative infection is a major determinant of morbidity and survival. Traditional teaching suggests that burn wound infections in different centres are caused by... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Gram negative infection is a major determinant of morbidity and survival. Traditional teaching suggests that burn wound infections in different centres are caused by differing sets of causative organisms. This study established whether Gram-negative burn wound isolates associated to clinical wound infection differ between burn centres.
METHODS
Studies investigating adult hospitalised patients (2000-2010) were critically appraised and qualified to a levels of evidence hierarchy. The contribution of bacterial pathogen type, and burn centre to the variance in standardised incidence of Gram-negative burn wound infection was analysed using two-way analysis of variance.
PRIMARY FINDINGS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Escherichia coli emerged as the commonest Gram-negative burn wound pathogens. Individual pathogens' incidence did not differ significantly between burn centres (F (4, 20) = 1.1, p = 0.3797; r2 = 9.84).
INTERPRETATION
Gram-negative infections predominate in burn surgery. This study is the first to establish that burn wound infections do not differ significantly between burn centres. It is the first study to report the pathogens responsible for the majority of Gram-negative infections in these patients. Whilst burn wound infection is not exclusive to these bacteria, it is hoped that reporting the presence of this group of common Gram-negative "target organisms" facilitate clinical practice and target research towards a defined clinical demand.
Topics: Adult; Burns; Geography; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Hospitalization; Humans; Statistics as Topic; Wound Infection
PubMed: 24751699
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095042 -
Systematic Reviews Apr 2020Epilepsy affects nearly 50 million people worldwide. Self-management is critical for individuals with epilepsy in order to maintain optimal physical, cognitive, and...
BACKGROUND
Epilepsy affects nearly 50 million people worldwide. Self-management is critical for individuals with epilepsy in order to maintain optimal physical, cognitive, and emotional health. Implementing and adopting a self-management program requires considering many factors at the person, program, and systems levels. We conducted a systematic review of qualitative and mixed-methods studies to identify facilitators and barriers that impact implementation and adoption of self-management programs for adults with epilepsy.
METHODS
We used established systematic review methodologies for qualitative and mixed-methods studies. We included studies addressing facilitators (i.e., factors that aided) or barriers (i.e., factors that impeded) to implementation and adoption of self-management interventions for adults with epilepsy. We conducted a narrative thematic synthesis to identify facilitators and barriers.
RESULTS
The literature search identified 2700 citations; 13 studies met eligibility criteria. Our synthesis identified five themes that categorize facilitators and barriers to successful implementation epilepsy self-management: (1) relevance, intervention content that facilitates acquisition of self-management skills; (2) personalization, intervention components that account for the individual's social, physical, and environmental characteristics; (3) intervention components, components and dosing of the intervention; (4) technology considerations, considerations that account for individual's use, familiarity with, and ownership of technology; and (5) clinician interventionist, role and preparation of the individual who leads intervention. We identified facilitators in 11 of the 13 studies and barriers in 11 of the 13 studies and classified these by social-ecological level (i.e., patient/caregiver, program, site/system).
CONCLUSION
Identification of facilitators and barriers at multiple levels provides insight into disease-specific factors that influence implementation and adoption of self-management programs for individuals with epilepsy. Our findings indicate that involving individuals with epilepsy and their caregivers in intervention development, and then tailoring intervention content during the intervention, can help ensure the content is relevant to intervention participants. Our findings also indicate the role of the clinician (i.e., the individual who provides self-management education) is important to intervention implementation, and key issues with clinicians were identified as barriers and opportunities for improvement. Overall, our findings have practical value for those seeking to implement and adopt self-management interventions for epilepsy and other chronic illnesses.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration number is CRD42018098604.
Topics: Adult; Epilepsy; Humans; Self-Management
PubMed: 32334641
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01322-9 -
Clinical Rheumatology Jul 2019Piriformis pyomyositis is a rare form of purulent skeletal myositis. As previous studies concerning piriformis pyomyositis had lower level of evidence and no systematic...
Piriformis pyomyositis is a rare form of purulent skeletal myositis. As previous studies concerning piriformis pyomyositis had lower level of evidence and no systematic review has been published yet, we performed a systematic search to review and describe causes, symptoms, red flags, and available treatment options for piriformis pyomyositis. Using PubMed and PubMed Central databases, we found 21 articles describing 23 cases of piriformis pyomyositis. Based on the retrieved information, alongside acute sciatica like buttock and/or hip pain, high-grade fever, aggressive deep seated gluteal pain, neurological deficit of sciatic nerve distribution, positive straight leg raising test, and raised inflammatory biomarkers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR, C-reactive protein, CRP) provide clues for diagnosis of piriformis pyomyositis. Some cases were very ill but no death was documented. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen, but Group A as well as Group β Streptococcus, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Brucella melitensis, and Escherichia coli were also involved in the disorder. To treat the piriformis pyomyositis, broad-spectrum antibiotics were found to be useful; however, sometimes, antibiotic switching was warranted based on blood and tissue aspirate reports. Drainage and/or surgical exploration of the affected piriformis muscle were required in cases where antibiotics appeared ineffective. Piriformis pyomyositis is a rara avis and performing of prospective studies will hardly be feasible.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Low Back Pain; Piriformis Muscle Syndrome; Pyomyositis; Sciatica; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 31049761
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04552-y -
Life Sciences in Space Research May 2024The space environment poses substantial challenges to human physiology, including potential disruptions in gastrointestinal health. Gut permeability has only recently... (Review)
Review
The space environment poses substantial challenges to human physiology, including potential disruptions in gastrointestinal health. Gut permeability has only recently become widely acknowledged for its potential to cause adverse effects on a systemic level, rendering it a critical factor to investigate in the context of spaceflight. Here, we propose that astronauts experience the onset of leaky gut during space missions supported by transcriptomic and metagenomic analysis of human and murine samples. A genetic map contributing to intestinal permeability was constructed from a systematic review of current literature. This was referenced against our re-analysis of three independent transcriptomic datasets which revealed significant changes in gene expression patterns associated with the gut barrier. Specifically, in astronauts during flight, we observed a substantial reduction in the expression genes that are crucial for intestinal barrier function, goblet cell development, gut microbiota modulation, and immune responses. Among rodent spaceflight studies, differential expression of cytokines, chemokines, and genes which regulate mucin production and post-translational modifications suggest a similar dysfunction of intestinal permeability. Metagenomic analysis of feces from two murine studies revealed a notable reduction probiotic, short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and an increase in the Gram-negative pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium, Enterobacter cloacea, Klebsiella aerogenes, and Proteus hauseri which promote LPS circulation, a recipe for barrier disruption and systemic inflammatory activation. These findings emphasize the critical need to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop interventions to maintain gastrointestinal health in space.
Topics: Space Flight; Astronauts; Humans; Animals; Permeability; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Transcriptome; Gastrointestinal Tract
PubMed: 38670644
DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.003 -
Laryngoscope Investigative... Jun 2018Otogenic brain abscesses are one of the most significant life-threatening complications of otologic infections. Given their low prevalence, otogenic brain abscesses...
OBJECTIVE
Otogenic brain abscesses are one of the most significant life-threatening complications of otologic infections. Given their low prevalence, otogenic brain abscesses require a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. In this systematic review, we aim to provide an analysis of otogenic brain abscesses and describe common clinical signs and symptoms, bacteriology, location, treatment options, morbidity, and mortality.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL database, Google Scholar, and Scopus.
METHODS
A systematic review of literature was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses recommendations. Variables assessed included clinical signs and symptoms, bacteriology, location, treatment, morbidity, and mortality.
RESULTS
Twenty-nine studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria, corresponding to a total of 1307 otogenic abscess cases for review. Fifty-five percent of abscesses were found in the temporal lobe and 28% in the cerebellum. Most patients (88.3%) had a history of suppurative chronic otitis media. The most common symptoms were headache, altered mental status, papilledema, and meningeal irritation. Fever, nausea, and vomiting affected about 40% of patients. The most commonly cultured bacterial species was . In addition to antibiotics, most otogenic brain abscesses were treated by burr hole aspiration. Average mortality following advent of computed tomography was 8.11%.
CONCLUSION
Although rare, otogenic brain abscesses may occur as a complication of suppurative otitis media and require a high index of suspicion. Appropriate imaging studies and multidisciplinary expertise are crucial in the diagnosis and management.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
4.
PubMed: 30062135
DOI: 10.1002/lio2.150