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Updates in Surgery Dec 2021Surgery is known to be a craft profession requiring individuals with specific innate aptitude for manipulative skills, and visuospatial and psychomotor abilities. The... (Review)
Review
Surgery is known to be a craft profession requiring individuals with specific innate aptitude for manipulative skills, and visuospatial and psychomotor abilities. The present-day selection process of surgical trainees does not include aptitude testing for the psychomotor and manual manipulative skills of candidates for required abilities. We aimed to scrutinize the significance of innate aptitudes in surgical practice and impact of training on skills by systematically reviewing their significance on the surgical task performance. A systematic review was performed in compliance with PRISMA guidelines. An initial search was carried out on PubMed/Medline for English language articles published over 20 years from January 2001 to January 2021. Search strategy and terms to be used included 'aptitude for surgery', 'innate aptitude and surgical skills, 'manipulative abilities and surgery', and 'psychomotor skills and surgery'. MERSQI score was applied to assess the quality of quantitatively researched citations. The results of the present searches provided a total of 1142 studies. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria out of which six citations reached high quality and rejected our three null hypothesis. Consequently, the result specified that all medical students cannot reach proficiency in skills necessary for pursuing a career in surgery; moreover, playing video games and/or musical instruments does not promote skills for surgery, and finally, there may be a valid test with predictive value for novices aspiring for a surgical career. MERSQI mean score was 11.07 (SD = 0.98; range 9.25-12.75). The significant findings indicated that medical students with low innate aptitude cannot reach skills necessary for a competent career in surgery. Training does not compensate for pictorial-skill deficiency, and a skill is needed in laparoscopy. Video-gaming and musical instrument playing did not significantly promote aptitude for microsurgery. The space-relation test has predictive value for a good laparoscopic surgical virtual-reality performance. The selection process for candidates suitable for a career in surgery requests performance in a simulated surgical environment.
Topics: Aptitude; Clinical Competence; Humans; Laparoscopy; Psychomotor Performance; Students, Medical; Video Games
PubMed: 34564821
DOI: 10.1007/s13304-021-01173-6 -
Resuscitation May 2019To determine whether training history (including number of times and duration since last training), knowledge, self-efficacy or willingness are associated with...
Associations between cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge, self-efficacy, training history and willingness to perform CPR and CPR psychomotor skills: A systematic review.
AIM
To determine whether training history (including number of times and duration since last training), knowledge, self-efficacy or willingness are associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) psychomotor skills.
METHODS
Eight databases were systematically searched from January 2005 to February 2018 for articles that involved adult layperson participants and explored an association between training history, knowledge, self-efficacy or willingness and CPR psychomotor skills or survival outcomes after real CPR attempts.
RESULTS
Thirty-four articles with a total of 35,421 participants were included. CPR training was found to improve psychomotor skills, compared to no training, and any previous training was associated with better skills, compared to no previous training, however only the use of a popular song promoted meaningful retention of a specifically targeted skill, compared to standard training methods. Skills deteriorated within 3 months, then plateaued from 3 to 6 months. Self-efficacy was weakly associated with skill level, however knowledge was not associated with skill level. No studies assessed the association between willingness and psychomotor skills.
CONCLUSION
All laypeople should attend an instructor-led CPR training session with real-time or delayed feedback to improve CPR skills. Training sessions should utilise combinations of validated skill-specific training strategies, preferably including popular songs and feedback to help ensure skills retention. Refresher training, which focusses on skills and self-confidence rather than knowledge, should be undertaken every 3-6 months, although this timeframe needs further validation. All future studies assessing CPR psychomotor skills should adhere to a standardised reporting outcome list (proposed in this paper) to ensure consistency and comparability of results.
Topics: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Educational Measurement; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Heart Arrest; Humans; Manikins; Psychomotor Performance; Self Efficacy; Students
PubMed: 30928504
DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.019 -
Nutrition Reviews Jul 2022The importance and benefits of breastfeeding in children are well recognized, and it may improve motor development. Motor skills are fundamental to childhood... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
CONTEXT
The importance and benefits of breastfeeding in children are well recognized, and it may improve motor development. Motor skills are fundamental to childhood development. Although some studies report a positive association between breastfeeding and motor development in children, others have suggested that these differences could be influenced by confounding variables.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the degree to which breastfeeding duration and exclusivity is associated with motor development in children. Thus, a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis was conducted.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Web of Science databases were systematically searched from inception to June 2021.
DATA EXTRACTION
The most adjusted relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) reported by included studies were used. The "breastfeeding duration" category defined by each study was used as the reference category. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed based on the duration of breastfeeding.
DATA ANALYSIS
Eighteen published studies were included in the systematic review and 14 studies in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the effect size (ES) for exclusively breastfed vs never breastfed children was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.41, I2 = 90.3%), and the ES for children breastfed for any length vs never breastfed children was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.10, I2 = 88.0%). The remaining groups studied did not show significant differences in outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
Although our data suggest that breastfeeding may improve motor development in children, more studies are needed because publication bias has been detected. Nevertheless, our results support the promotion of breastfeeding.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Child; Child Development; Female; Humans; Motor Skills; Odds Ratio; Risk
PubMed: 35325229
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac013 -
Gait & Posture Jul 2023There is increasing speculation whether Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has phenotypic or secondary motor symptoms. Some evidence suggests even... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There is increasing speculation whether Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has phenotypic or secondary motor symptoms. Some evidence suggests even fundamental motor skills such as walking can differ in ADHD, however, the evidence is limited and has not been reviewed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the findings regarding gait in ADHD compared to typically developing children in (1) normal (i.e., self-paced), (2) paced or complex (i.e., walking backwards), and (3) dual-task contexts.
METHOD
Following a thorough literature search and application of stringent exclusion criteria, a total of 12 studies were included in this review. All studies examined normal walking with a variety of gait parameters in children (age range: 5-18), however, selected parameters and group differences were often inconsistent.
RESULTS
In self-paced walking, studies reporting gait with coefficients of variance (CVs) indicated several between-group differences, whereas averages of gait variables were the same for those with ADHD and typically developing children. Paced or complex walking contexts often differed between ADHD and typically developing groups, favoring the ADHD group in some cases, but primarily the typically developing participants. Finally, walking contexts with dual-tasks showed more frequent performance losses in the ADHD group.
DISCUSSION
Children with ADHD seem to have specific patterns of gait variability compared to typically developing children, particularly in complex walking contexts and at faster paces. The influence of age, medication, and method of gait normalization may have influenced the results of studies. Overall, this review highlights the potential for a unique gait profile in children with ADHD.
Topics: Humans; Child; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Gait; Walking; Motor Skills
PubMed: 37307762
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.06.003 -
Biological Psychiatry Sep 2010Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most acutely effective treatment for depression, but is limited by cognitive side effects. However, research on their persistence,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most acutely effective treatment for depression, but is limited by cognitive side effects. However, research on their persistence, severity, and pattern is inconsistent. We aimed to quantify ECT-associated cognitive changes, specify their pattern, and determine progression.
METHODS
MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycArticles, PsychINFO, PsychLIT, and reference lists were systematically searched through January 2009. We included all independent, within-subjects design studies of depressed patients receiving ECT where cognition was assessed using standardized tests. Main outcome was change in performance after ECT relative to pretreatment scores with respect to delay between finishing ECT and cognitive testing. We explored potential moderators' influence, e.g., electrode placement, stimulus waveform.
RESULTS
Twenty-four cognitive variables (84 studies, 2981 patients) were meta-analyzed. No standardized retrograde amnesia tests were identified. Significant decreases in cognitive performance were observed 0 to 3 days after ECT in 72% of variables: effect sizes (ES) ranging from -1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.53 to -.67) to -.21 (95% CI, -.40 to .01). Four to 15 days post-ECT, all but one CI included zero or showed positive ES. No negative ES were observed after 15 days, with 57% of variables showing positive ES, ranging from .35 (95% CI, .07-.63) to .75 (95% CI, .43-1.08). Moderators did not influence cognitive outcomes after 3 days post-ECT.
CONCLUSIONS
Cognitive abnormalities associated with ECT are mainly limited to the first 3 days posttreatment. Pretreatment functioning levels are subsequently recovered. After 15 days, processing speed, working memory, anterograde memory, and some aspects of executive function improve beyond baseline levels.
Topics: Cognition; Depressive Disorder, Major; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 20673880
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.009 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Sep 2016Functional cognition is a relatively new concept in assessment of older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Instruments need to be reliable and valid,... (Review)
Review
Estimating functional cognition in older adults using observational assessments of task performance in complex everyday activities: A systematic review and evaluation of measurement properties.
Functional cognition is a relatively new concept in assessment of older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Instruments need to be reliable and valid, hence we conducted a systematic review of observational assessments of task performance used to estimate functional cognition in this population. Two separate database searches were conducted: firstly to identify instruments; and secondly to identify studies reporting on the psychometric properties of the instruments. Studies were analysed using a published checklist and their quality reviewed according to specific published criteria. Clinical utility was reviewed and the information formulated into a best evidence synthesis. We found 21 instruments and included 58 studies reporting on measurement properties. The majority of studies were rated as being of fair methodological quality and the range of properties investigated was restricted. Most instruments had studies reporting on construct validity (hypothesis testing), none on content validity and there were few studies reporting on reliability. Overall the evidence on psychometric properties is lacking and there is an urgent need for further evaluation of instruments.
Topics: Checklist; Cognition; Humans; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 27236042
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.024 -
Sportverletzung Sportschaden : Organ... Jun 2014Post-activation potentiation (PAP) can elicit acute performance enhancements in variables of strength, power, and speed. However, it is unresolved whether the frequent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Post-activation potentiation (PAP) can elicit acute performance enhancements in variables of strength, power, and speed. However, it is unresolved whether the frequent integration of PAP eliciting conditioning activities in training (i. e., complex training) results in long-term adaptations. In this regard, it is of interest to know whether complex training results in larger performance enhancements as compared to more traditional and isolated training regimens (e. g., resistance training). Thus, this systematic literature review summarises the current state of the art regarding the effects of complex training on measures of strength, power, and speed in recreational, subelite, and elite athletes. Further, it provides information on training volume and intensities that proved to be effective.
METHODS
Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Web of Science (1995 to September 2013). In total, 17 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Ten studies examined alternating complex training and 7 studies sequenced complex training.
RESULTS
Our findings indicated small to large effects for both alternating complex training (countermovement jump height: + 7.4 % [ESd = -0.43]; squat jump height: + 9.8 % [ESd = -0.66]; sprint time: -2.4 % [ESd = 0.63]) and sequenced complex training (countermovement jump height: + 6.0 % [ESd = -0.83]; squat jump height: + 11.9 % [ESd = -0.97], sprint time: -0.7 % [ESd = 0.52]) in measures of power and speed. As compared to more traditional training regimens, alternating and sequenced complex training showed only small effects in measures of strength, power, and speed. A more detailed analysis of alternating complex training revealed larger effects in countermovement jump height in recreational athletes (+ 9.7 % [ESd = -0.57]) as compared to subelite and elite athletes (+ 2.7 % [ESd = -0.15]). Based on the relevant and currently available literature, missing data (e. g., time for rest interval) and diverse information regarding training volume and intensity do not allow us to establish evidence-based dose-response relations for complex training.
CONCLUSION
Complex training represents an effective training regimen for athletes if the goal is to enhance strength, power, and speed. Studies with high methodological quality have to be conducted in the future to elucidate whether complex training is less, similar, or even more effective compared to more traditional training regimens. Finally, it should be clarified whether alternated and/or sequenced conditioning activities implemented in complex training actually elicit acute PAP effects.
Topics: Athletic Performance; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Strength; Physical Conditioning, Human; Physical Fitness; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 24599505
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1366145 -
Psychological Bulletin Oct 2019Perceptual-cognitive skills enable an individual to integrate environmental information with existing knowledge to be able to process stimuli and execute appropriate...
Perceptual-cognitive skills enable an individual to integrate environmental information with existing knowledge to be able to process stimuli and execute appropriate responses on complex tasks. Various underlying processes could explain how perceptual-cognitive skills impact on expert performance, as articulated in three theoretical accounts: (a) the long-term working memory theory, which argues that experts are able to encode and retrieve visual information from long-term working memory more than less experienced counterparts; (b) the information-reduction hypothesis, which suggests that experts can optimize the amount of information processed by selectively allocating their attentional resources to task relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli; and (c) the holistic model of image perception, which proposes that experts are able to extract visual information from distal and para-foveal regions, allowing more efficient global-local processing of the scene. In this systematic review, we examine the validity of the aforementioned theories based on gaze features associated with the proposed processes. The information-reduction hypothesis was supported in most studies, except in medicine where the holistic model of image perception garners stronger support. These results indicate that selectively allocating attention toward important task-related information is the most important skill developed in experts across domains, whereas expertise in medicine is reflected more in an extended visual span. Large discrepancies in the outcomes of the papers reviewed suggest that there is not one theory that fits all domains of expertise. The review provides some essential building blocks, however, to help synthesize theoretical concepts across expertise domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Attention; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Memory; Professional Competence; Psychological Theory; Task Performance and Analysis; Visual Perception
PubMed: 31414844
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000207 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of Berry Anthocyanins on Cognitive Performance, Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Intervention Studies in Humans.
Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of developing cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of dietary intervention trials describing effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance in humans, while also addressing potential underlying mechanisms. A total of 1197 articles were identified through a systematic search, and 49 studies reporting effects on cognitive performance ( = 18), vascular function ( = 22), or cardiometabolic risk markers ( = 32) were included. Significant improvements were observed on memory, while some of the studies also reported effects on attention and psychomotor speed or executive function. Vascular function markers such as brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation were also affected and consistent evidence was provided for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on endothelial function. Finally, studies reported improvements in blood pressure, but effects on metabolic risk markers (e.g. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) were less consistent. In conclusion, this review provides evidence for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance as memory improved. Whether observed anthocyanin-induced improvements in vascular function and blood pressure underlie beneficial effects on cognitive performance warrants further study.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Attention; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Blood Vessels; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cognition; Dietary Supplements; Fruit; Humans; Memory; Psychomotor Performance; Pulse Wave Analysis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34204250
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126482 -
PloS One 2017Young drivers (18-24 years) are over-represented in sleep-related crashes (comprising one in five fatal crashes in developed countries) primarily due to decreased sleep... (Review)
Review
Young drivers (18-24 years) are over-represented in sleep-related crashes (comprising one in five fatal crashes in developed countries) primarily due to decreased sleep opportunity, lower tolerance for sleep loss, and ongoing maturation of brain areas associated with driving-related decision making. Impaired driving performance is the proximal reason for most car crashes. There is still a limited body of evidence examining the effects of sleep loss on young drivers' performance, with discrepancies in the methodologies used, and in the definition of outcomes. This study aimed to identify the direction and magnitude of the effects of sleep loss on young drivers' performance, and to appraise the quality of current evidence via a systematic review. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) approach, 16 eligible studies were selected for review, and their findings summarised. Next, critical elements of these studies were identified, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines augmented to rate those elements. Using those criteria, the quality of individual papers was calculated and the overall body of evidence for each driving outcome were assigned a quality ranking (from 'very low' to 'high-quality'). Two metrics, the standard deviation of lateral position and number of line crossings, were commonly reported outcomes (although in an overall 'low-quality' body of evidence), with significant impairments after sleep loss identified in 50% of studies. While speed-related outcomes and crash events (also with very low- quality evidence) both increased under chronic sleep loss, discrepant findings were reported under conditions of acute total sleep deprivation. It is crucial to obtain more reliable data about the effects of sleep loss on young drivers' performance by using higher quality experimental designs, adopting common protocols, and the use of consistent metrics and reporting of findings based on GRADE criteria and the PRISMA statement. Key words: Young drivers, sleep loss, driving performance, PRISMA, the GRADE, systematic review.
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Automobile Driving; Bibliometrics; Decision Making; Female; Humans; Male; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 28859144
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184002