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Prilozi (Makedonska Akademija Na... Nov 2016The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is high as CKD and CHF share underlying risk factors such as arterial... (Review)
Review
The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is high as CKD and CHF share underlying risk factors such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Cardiac failure leads to renal hypoperfusion and dysfunction and then fluid overload and need for aggressive diuretic therapy. However, development of diuretic resistance represents a significant problem in the management of these patients. The role of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) is important for patients who do not response to conservative management of fluid overload facilitating the failing heart to restore function. According to the guidelines, venovenous isolated Ultrafiltration (UF) is indicated for patients with refractory congestion not responding to medical therapy with loop diuretics and infusion of dopamine. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effect of UF vs. IV furosemide for decompensated heart failure showed a benefit of UF on total body weight loss and on readmissions due to heart failure in patients with decompensated heart failure and CKD. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) can provide efficient ultrafiltration and sodium extraction in volume overloaded patients followed by decline of hospitalization days, decrease of body weight and improvement of LVEF in patients with refractory heart failure. The continuous draw of ultrafiltrate is followed by a lesser risk of abrupt hypotension and better preservation of the residual kidney function. This represents a significant advantage of PD over intermittent UF by dialysis. In conclusion, application of UF by dialysis and PD is followed by significant total body weight loss, reduced need for hospital readmissions and better quality of life. PD has a higher probability of preservation of residual kidney function and can be used by patients at home.
Topics: Heart Failure; Humans; Renal Insufficiency; Renal Replacement Therapy
PubMed: 27883326
DOI: 10.1515/prilozi-2016-0015 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2017Dietary changes are routinely recommended in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the basis of randomised evidence in the general population and non-randomised... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Dietary changes are routinely recommended in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the basis of randomised evidence in the general population and non-randomised studies in CKD that suggest certain healthy eating patterns may prevent cardiovascular events and lower mortality. People who have kidney disease have prioritised dietary modifications as an important treatment uncertainty.
OBJECTIVES
This review evaluated the benefits and harms of dietary interventions among adults with CKD including people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register (up to 31 January 2017) through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies contained in the Specialised Register are identified through search strategies specifically designed for CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE; handsearching conference proceedings; and searching the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-randomised RCTs of dietary interventions versus other dietary interventions, lifestyle advice, or standard care assessing mortality, cardiovascular events, health-related quality of life, and biochemical, anthropomorphic, and nutritional outcomes among people with CKD.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently screened studies for inclusion and extracted data. Results were summarised as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean differences (MD) or standardised MD (SMD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) or in descriptive format when meta-analysis was not possible. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using GRADE.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 17 studies involving 1639 people with CKD. Three studies enrolled 341 people treated with dialysis, four studies enrolled 168 kidney transplant recipients, and 10 studies enrolled 1130 people with CKD stages 1 to 5. Eleven studies (900 people) evaluated dietary counselling with or without lifestyle advice and six evaluated dietary patterns (739 people), including one study (191 people) of a carbohydrate-restricted low-iron, polyphenol enriched diet, two studies (181 people) of increased fruit and vegetable intake, two studies (355 people) of a Mediterranean diet and one study (12 people) of a high protein/low carbohydrate diet. Risks of bias in the included studies were generally high or unclear, lowering confidence in the results. Participants were followed up for a median of 12 months (range 1 to 46.8 months).Studies were not designed to examine all-cause mortality or cardiovascular events. In very-low quality evidence, dietary interventions had uncertain effects on all-cause mortality or ESKD. In absolute terms, dietary interventions may prevent one person in every 3000 treated for one year avoiding ESKD, although the certainty in this effect was very low. Across all 17 studies, outcome data for cardiovascular events were sparse. Dietary interventions in low quality evidence were associated with a higher health-related quality of life (2 studies, 119 people: MD in SF-36 score 11.46, 95% CI 7.73 to 15.18; I = 0%). Adverse events were generally not reported.Dietary interventions lowered systolic blood pressure (3 studies, 167 people: MD -9.26 mm Hg, 95% CI -13.48 to -5.04; I = 80%) and diastolic blood pressure (2 studies, 95 people: MD -8.95, 95% CI -10.69 to -7.21; I = 0%) compared to a control diet. Dietary interventions were associated with a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (5 studies, 219 people: SMD 1.08; 95% CI 0.26 to 1.97; I = 88%) and serum albumin levels (6 studies, 541 people: MD 0.16 g/dL, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.24; I = 26%). A Mediterranean diet lowered serum LDL cholesterol levels (1 study, 40 people: MD -1.00 mmol/L, 95% CI -1.56 to -0.44).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Dietary interventions have uncertain effects on mortality, cardiovascular events and ESKD among people with CKD as these outcomes were rarely measured or reported. Dietary interventions may increase health-related quality of life, eGFR, and serum albumin, and lower blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels.Based on stakeholder prioritisation of dietary research in the setting of CKD and preliminary evidence of beneficial effects on risks factors for clinical outcomes, large-scale pragmatic RCTs to test the effects of dietary interventions on patient outcomes are required.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Disease Progression; Fruit; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Transplantation; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Renal Replacement Therapy; Vegetables
PubMed: 28434208
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011998.pub2 -
Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel,... 2015The small vessel disease (SVD) that appears in the brain may be part of a multisystem disorder affecting other vascular beds such as the kidney and retina. Because renal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The small vessel disease (SVD) that appears in the brain may be part of a multisystem disorder affecting other vascular beds such as the kidney and retina. Because renal failure is associated with both stroke and white matter hyperintensities we hypothesised that small vessel (lacunar) stroke would be more strongly associated with renal failure than cortical stroke. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish first if lacunar stroke was associated with the renal function, and second, if cerebral small vessel disease seen on the MRI of patients without stroke was more common in patients with renal failure.
METHODS
We searched Medline and EMBASE for studies in adults with cerebral SVD (lacunar stroke or white matter hyper intensities (WMH) on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)), in which renal function was assessed (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or proteinuria). We extracted data on SVD diagnosis, renal function, demographics and comorbidities. We performed two meta-analyses: first, we calculated the odds of renal impairment in lacunar (small vessel) ischaemic stroke compared to other ischaemic stroke subtypes (non-small vessel disease); and second, we calculated the odds of renal impairment in non-stroke individuals with WMH on MRI compared to individuals without WMH. We then performed a sensitivity analysis by excluding studies with certain characteristics and repeating the meta-analysis calculation.
RESULTS
After screening 11,001 potentially suitable titles, we included 37 papers reporting 32 studies of 20,379 subjects: 15 of stroke patients and 17 of SVD features in non-stroke patients. To diagnose lacunar stroke, 13/15 of the studies used risk factor-based classification (none used diffusion-weighted MRI). 394/1,119 (35%) of patients with lacunar stroke had renal impairment compared with 1,443/4,217 (34%) of patients with non-lacunar stroke, OR 0.88, (95% CI 0.6-1.30). In individuals without stroke the presence of SVD was associated with an increased risk of renal impairment (whether proteinuria or reduced eGFR) OR 2.33 (95% CI 1.80-3.01), when compared to those without SVD. After adjustment for age and hypertension, 15/21 studies still reported a significant association between renal impairment and SVD.
CONCLUSION
We found no specific association between renal impairment and lacunar stroke, but we did find that in individuals who had not had a stroke, having more SVD features on imaging was associated with a worse renal function, which remained significant after controlling for hypertension. However, this finding does not exclude a powerful co-associate effect of age or vascular risk factor exposure. Future research should subtype lacunar stroke sensitively and control for major risk factors.
Topics: Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Stroke, Lacunar; White Matter
PubMed: 25547195
DOI: 10.1159/000369777 -
PloS One 2018Dietary protein restriction has long been thought to play an important role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the effect of dietary protein on... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Dietary protein restriction has long been thought to play an important role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the effect of dietary protein on the rate of decline in kidney function remains controversial.
OBJECTIVE
We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the influence of protein restriction on chronic kidney disease.
METHOD
Ovid MEDLINE (from 1946 to March 5, 2016), EMBASE (from 1966 to March 5, 2016), and the Cochrane Library (Inception to March 5, 2016) were searched to identify RCTs comparing different levels of protein intake for at least 24 weeks in adult patients with CKD. The outcomes included kidney failure events, the rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) per year, all cause death events, and changes in proteinuria, serum phosphorus concentration, serum albumin, and body mass index (BMI).
RESULTS
Nineteen trials with 2492 subjects were analyzed. A low protein diet reduced the risk of kidney failure (odds ratio (OR) = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.85) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.96), but did not produce a clear beneficial effect for all cause death events (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.67 to 2.06). The change in the mean difference (MD) for the rate of decline in the eGFR was significant (MD: -1.85, P = 0.001), and for proteinuria (MD: -0.44, P = 0.02). A low protein diet also reduced the serum phosphorus concentration (MD: -0.37, 95% CI: -0.5 to -0.24) and BMI (MD: -0.61, 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.17). However the change in albumin presented no significant difference between two groups (MD: 0.23, 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.97).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of our meta-analysis, protein-restricted diet may reduce the rate of decline in renal function and the risk of kidney failure for CKD populations, but did not produce a clear beneficial effect for all cause death events. Besides However, the optimal level of protein intake in different participants is left unanswered, and the nutritional status should be regarded with caution.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cause of Death; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Disease Progression; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphorus; Proteinuria; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30403710
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206134 -
American Journal of Kidney Diseases :... May 2016There is much uncertainty regarding the relative effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in populations... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
There is much uncertainty regarding the relative effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in populations with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.
SETTING & POPULATION
Patients with CKD treated with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors.
SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES
Randomized trials in patients with CKD treated with RAS inhibitors.
PREDICTOR
ACE inhibitors and ARBs compared to each other and to placebo and active controls.
OUTCOME
Primary outcome was kidney failure; secondary outcomes were major cardiovascular events, all-cause death.
RESULTS
119 randomized controlled trials (n = 64,768) were included. ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduced the odds of kidney failure by 39% and 30% (ORs of 0.61 [95% credible interval, 0.47-0.79] and 0.70 [95% credible interval, 0.52-0.89]), respectively, compared to placebo, and by 35% and 25% (ORs of 0.65 [95% credible interval, 0.51-0.80] and 0.75 [95% credible interval, 0.54-0.97]), respectively, compared with other active controls, whereas other active controls did not show evidence of a significant effect on kidney failure. Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs produced odds reductions for major cardiovascular events (ORs of 0.82 [95% credible interval, 0.71-0.92] and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.62-0.89], respectively) versus placebo. Comparisons did not show significant effects on risk for cardiovascular death. ACE inhibitors but not ARBs significantly reduced the odds of all-cause death versus active controls (OR, 0.72; 95% credible interval, 0.53-0.92). Compared with ARBs, ACE inhibitors were consistently associated with higher probabilities of reducing kidney failure, cardiovascular death, or all-cause death.
LIMITATIONS
Trials with RAS inhibitor therapy were included; trials with direct comparisons of other active controls with placebo were not included.
CONCLUSIONS
Use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs in people with CKD reduces the risk for kidney failure and cardiovascular events. ACE inhibitors also reduced the risk for all-cause mortality and were possibly superior to ARBs for kidney failure, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality in patients with CKD, suggesting that they could be the first choice for treatment in this population.
Topics: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Bayes Theorem; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Renin-Angiotensin System
PubMed: 26597926
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.011 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2023The effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes has not been systematically reviewed across baseline kidney... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes has not been systematically reviewed across baseline kidney function groups. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCTs) with SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with and without CKD. We performed a PubMed/Medline search of randomized, placebo-controlled, event-driven outcome trials of SGLT-2 inhibitors versus active or placebo control in patients with and without diabetes from inception to November 2022. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73m (PROSPERO registration CRD4202016054). The primary outcome was cardiovascular death. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization for heart failure, major adverse cardiovascular events, CKD progression, all-cause mortality, treatment discontinuation, and acute kidney injury (AKI). The relative risk (RR) was estimated using a random-effects model. Twelve RCTs were included in this meta-analysis (89,191 patients, including 38,949 with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m). Use of an SGLT-2 inhibitor in patients with CKD was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular death (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.79-0.95) and of heart failure (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.61-0.75), compared with placebo. Heart failure risk reduction with SGLT-2 inhibitors was larger among patients with CKD compared with patients without CKD (RR for the interaction 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.02, and p-value for interaction 0.08). SGLT-2 inhibitors were associated with a lower incidence of CKD progression among patients with pre-existing CKD: RR 0.77 (95% CI 0.68-0.88), compared with placebo. Among patients with CKD, a lower risk of AKI (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.72-0.93) and treatment discontinuation was seen with SGLT-2 inhibitors compared with placebo. SGLT-2 inhibitors offer substantial protection against cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with CKD. These results strongly advocate in favor of using them in patients with CKD and keeping them as kidney function declines.
Topics: Humans; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; Heart Failure; Kidney; Acute Kidney Injury; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 37741858
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42989-z -
Medicina Clinica Oct 2018The interaction between acute heart failure (AHF) and renal dysfunction is complex. Several studies have evaluated the prognostic value of this syndrome. The aim of this...
The interaction between acute heart failure (AHF) and renal dysfunction is complex. Several studies have evaluated the prognostic value of this syndrome. The aim of this systematic review, which includes non-selected samples, was to investigate the impact of different renal function variables on the AHF prognosis. The categories included in the studies reviewed included: creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), the BUN/creatinine quotient, chronic kidney disease, the formula to estimate the glomerular filtration rate, criteria of acute renal injury and new biomarkers of renal damage such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL and cystatin c). The basal alterations of the renal function, as well as the acute alterations, transient or not, are related to a worse prognosis in AHF, it is therefore necessary to always have baseline, acute and evolutive renal function parameters.
Topics: Heart Failure; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Prognosis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 29884452
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.05.010 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence May 2011Continued progression of renal failure will lead to renal function too low to sustain healthy life. In developed countries, such people will be offered renal replacement... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Continued progression of renal failure will lead to renal function too low to sustain healthy life. In developed countries, such people will be offered renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis or renal transplantation. Requirement for dialysis or transplantation is termed end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of drug treatments used to reduce progression rate of chronic renal failure? What are the effects of lifestyle changes used to reduce progression rate of chronic renal failure? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 44 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: angiotensin II receptor antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (with or without angiotensin II receptor antagonists), exercise, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, fibrates, lowering blood pressure below usual targets, nicotinates, psychoeducational intervention, smoking cessation, sodium (dietary), statins, structured programmes to achieve therapeutic goals, and targeted lowering of albuminuria/proteinuria.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Hematinics; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 21609509
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Hypertension Oct 2014Sodium intake is an important determinant of blood pressure; therefore, reduction of intake may be an attractive population-based target for chronic kidney disease (CKD)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sodium intake is an important determinant of blood pressure; therefore, reduction of intake may be an attractive population-based target for chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevention. Most guidelines recommend sodium intake of < 2.3 g/day, based on limited evidence. We reviewed the association between sodium intake and renal outcomes.
METHODS
We reviewed cohort studies and clinical trials, which were retrieved by searching electronic databases, that evaluated the association between sodium intake/excretion and measures of renal function, proteinuria, or new need for dialysis.
RESULTS
Of 4,337 reviewed citations, seven (n = 8,129) were eligible, including six cohort studies (n = 7,942) and one clinical trial (n = 187). Four studies (n = 1,787) included patients with CKD. All four cohort studies reported that high intake (> 4.6 g/day) was associated with adverse outcomes (vs. moderate/low), while none reported an increased risk with moderate intake (vs. low). Three studies (n = 6,342) included patients without CKD. Two cohort studies (n = 6,155) reported opposing directions of association between low (vs. moderate) sodium intake and renal outcomes, and one clinical trial (n = 187) reported a benefit from low intake (vs. moderate) on proteinuria but an adverse effect on serum creatinine.
CONCLUSIONS
Available, but limited, evidence supports an association between high sodium intake (> 4.6g/day) and adverse outcomes. However, the association with low intake (vs. moderate) is uncertain, with inconsistent findings from cohort studies. There is urgent need to clarify the long-term efficacy and safety of currently recommended low sodium intake in patients with CKD.
Topics: Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Proteinuria; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Sodium, Dietary
PubMed: 24510182
DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt294 -
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia =... Dec 2008To assess the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on acute renal failure and important clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
To assess the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on acute renal failure and important clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery.
METHODS
Two reviewers performed literature searches, using EMBASE and PubMed, of randomized controlled trials investigating the renoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine in cardiac surgery. Treatment effects were calculated as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using the I(2) test and funnel plots, respectively. Meta regression was performed to assess the effect of baseline renal function and the use of aprotinin on renal function.
RESULTS
Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 1000) were identified. No study could demonstrate, either independently or meta-analytically, an improvement in the postoperative increase in creatinine, mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.4 to 2.07), renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.49 to 2.12), myocardial infarction (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.88), atrial fibrillation (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.10), or stroke (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.69). There was a small, though significant increase in postoperative blood loss among patients treated with NAC (weighted mean difference 119 mL 95% CI 51, 187). After meta regression neither increase in postoperative creatinine (r(2) = 0.33) nor renal replacement therapy (r(2) = 0.04) was associated with the baseline creatinine or with NAC dose (r(2) =0.04).
CONCLUSION
This analysis did not find that treatment with NAC was associated with clinical renal protection during cardiac surgery, or improvement in other clinical outcomes.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Acute Disease; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Renal Insufficiency; Risk; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19050086
DOI: 10.1007/BF03034054