-
Schizophrenia Research Jul 2019This study aims to determine whether structural alterations can be used as neuroimaging markers to detect individuals with ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis for the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to determine whether structural alterations can be used as neuroimaging markers to detect individuals with ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis for the diagnosis of schizophrenia and improvement of treatment outcomes.
METHODS
Embase and Pubmed databases were searched for related studies in July 2018. The search was performed without restriction on time and regions or languages. A total of 188 articles on voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and 96 articles on cortical thickness were obtained, and another 6 articles were included after the reference lists were checked. Our researchers assessed and extracted the data in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. The data were processed with a seed-based mapping method.
RESULTS
Fourteen VBM and nine cortical thickness studies were finally included in our study. In individuals with UHR, the gray matter volumes in the bilateral median cingulate (Z = 1.034), the right fusiform gyrus (Z = 1.051), the left superior temporal gyrus (Z = 1.048), and the right thalamus (Z = 1.039) increased relative to those of healthy controls. By contrast, the gray matter volumes in the right gyrus rectus (Z = -2.109), the right superior frontal gyrus (Z = -2.321), and the left superior frontal gyrus (Z = -2.228) decreased. The robustness of these findings was verified through Jackknife sensitivity analysis, and heterogeneity across studies was low. Typically, cortical thickness alterations were not detected in individuals with UHR.
CONCLUSIONS
Structural abnormalities of the thalamocortical circuit may underpin the neurophysiology of psychosis and mark the vulnerability of transition to psychosis in UHR subjects.
Topics: Brain; Disease Progression; Gray Matter; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organ Size; Prefrontal Cortex; Prodromal Symptoms; Prognosis; Psychotic Disorders; Risk; Schizophrenia; Temporal Lobe; Thalamus
PubMed: 31104914
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.015 -
Revista de Neurologia Jul 2021Different variables, such as repetition and cognitive load, may explain the neurophysiological differences observed from one task to another in motor learning. This...
INTRODUCTION
Different variables, such as repetition and cognitive load, may explain the neurophysiological differences observed from one task to another in motor learning. This learning can be measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
AIM
The aim of this systematic review was to document motor learning by functional magnetic resonance imaging during the performance of different simple or complex motor tasks in healthy subjects.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The search for articles was carried out in the MEDLINE, PEDro, CINHAL and EBSCO databases in May 2020. The systematic review followed the PRISMA criteria.
RESULTS
Nine studies were selected for a qualitative analysis. The quality of the studies ranged from 5 to 7 points on the PEDro scale. The qualitative analysis shows strong evidence that after repeating a motor task a motor learning process is generated. There is both strong and moderate evidence to show that action observation and sleep restriction are involved in motor learning. The results on sensory discrimination training were controversial.
CONCLUSIONS
The results show, with high quality evidence, that repetition of a motor task is associated with the learning process, which seems to be related to a thickening of the motor cortex after the intervention measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. These results are not conclusive, owing to the limiting factors of this systematic review.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Humans; Learning; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motor Cortex; Motor Skills; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 34170004
DOI: 10.33588/rn.7301.2020657