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Psychiatry Research May 2014The purpose of the present study was to review systematically, research exploring the relationship between self-concepts and paranoia in psychosis. A literature search... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The purpose of the present study was to review systematically, research exploring the relationship between self-concepts and paranoia in psychosis. A literature search was performed by two independent raters in relevant databases (MedLine, PsychInfo and Web of Science) and articles meeting the inclusion criteria were cross-referenced. Following scrutiny according to inclusion criteria, 18 studies were selected for review. A narrative synthesis of findings, in which methodological variability is discussed, is presented relative to three key areas: the nature of the relationship between paranoia and self-concepts; the association between paranoia and discrepancies in self-concepts; the nature of the relationship between paranoia and self-concepts when other, dimensional aspects of these constructs are taken into account. The systematic literature review indicated relatively consistent findings, that paranoia is associated with more negative self-concepts when measured cross-sectionally. Results are somewhat more mixed in regards to research on paranoia and self-concept discrepancies. Studies investigating dimensional aspects of self-concepts and paranoia yield findings of particular interest, especially in regards to the association indicated between instability of self-concepts and paranoia. Limitations in research and of the present systematic review are discussed. Clinical and theoretical implications of findings are outlined and possible directions for future research are suggested.
Topics: Delusions; Humans; Paranoid Disorders; Psychotic Disorders; Self Concept
PubMed: 24630916
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.003 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Dec 2022The present systematic review was conducted to examine self-esteem and related factors in burns patients. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The present systematic review was conducted to examine self-esteem and related factors in burns patients.
METHODS
A comprehensive search was conducted from the first to the April 1, 2022 at the international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Burns", "Self-confidence", "Self-perception", "Self-esteem", and "Self-concept".
RESULTS
A total of 762 burn patients were included in this review from ten cross-sectional studies. The mean score of self-esteem in burn patients based on Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, State Self-Esteem Scale, Cooper Smith's self-esteem questionnaire, and Rifai's self-esteem scale were 17.77 (SD = 5.55) out of 30, 65.91 (SD = 5.49) out of 100, 56.68 (SD = 5.49) out of 100, and 109.77 (SD = 9.55) out of 145, respectively. Factors associated with self-esteem in burns patients were gender, occupation, the location of the burn, type of burn, site of burn, burn scar, and quality of life had a significant relationship with burn patients' self-esteem. Factors such as social support, family support, friends support, and supporting others, had a significant positive relationship with self-esteem of burns patient. However, self-esteem in patients with burn had a significant negative relationship with grade of burn injury, percentage of burn, depth of burn, facial burn, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychiatric morbidity, major depressive, and suicidality factors.
CONCLUSION
Overall, patients with burns had moderate levels of self-esteem. Therefore, it is recommended that health professionals use interdisciplinary approaches to better manage burn patients.
PubMed: 36582917
DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104811 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jan 2021The increasing availability of high-potency cannabis-derived compounds and the use of synthetic cannabinoids may be responsible for severe side effects like cognitive... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The increasing availability of high-potency cannabis-derived compounds and the use of synthetic cannabinoids may be responsible for severe side effects like cognitive impairment, psychosis or self-injurious behaviours (SIB). In particular, SIB like non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and deliberate self-harm (DSH) raise growing concern as a possible consequence of cannabis use. However, the research to date has not addressed the relationship between cannabinoid use and SIB systematically.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review on PubMed up to March 2020, using search terms related to cannabinoids and SIB.
RESULTS
The search yielded a total of 440 abstracts. Of those, 37 studies published between 1995 and 2020 were eligible for inclusion. Cannabinoid use was significantly associated with SIB at the cross-sectional (OR=1.569, 95%CI [1.167-2.108]) and longitudinal (OR=2.569, 95%CI [2.207-3.256]) level. Chronic use, presence of mental disorders, depressive symptoms, emotional dysregulation and impulsive traits might further increase the likelihood of self-harm in cannabis users. Synthetic cannabinoids may trigger highly destructive SIB mainly through the psychotomimetic properties of these compounds.
CONCLUSION
Cannabinoid use was associated with an increased prevalence of self-injury and may act as a causative factor with a duration-dependent manner. Emotional regulation and behavioural impulsivity functions might crucially moderate this association. Future studies should further investigate the mechanisms underlying this association, while exploring potential therapeutic applications of substances modulating the endocannabinoid system.
Topics: Cannabinoids; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Psychotic Disorders; Self-Injurious Behavior
PubMed: 32956965
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.020 -
Disability and Rehabilitation Sep 2022Developing self-determination skills is an important component of youth's maturation. However, many youths with disabilities lack opportunities to engage in activities...
PURPOSE
Developing self-determination skills is an important component of youth's maturation. However, many youths with disabilities lack opportunities to engage in activities that can promote these skills. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of self-determination interventions for children and youth with disabilities.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed on seven international databases that identified 28 studies meeting our inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Among the 28 studies, 5184 youth with disabilities (aged 9-29, mean age 16.8 years) were represented across three countries. The interventions varied in duration, length, number of sessions, and delivery format, which included curriculum-based, workshops, experiential or residential learning, peer coaching and mentoring, self-directed individual learning, computer games, and multi-component designs. 19/28 studies reported a significant improvement in self-determination. Of these 13/18 studies showed improvements as measured by Arc's self-determination scale, while 8/13 studies reported a significant improvement as measured by AIR self-determination scale. Other significant differences were reported in vocational skills self-efficacy and self-determination inventory.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings highlight that there are several types of interventions that have the potential to improve self-determination for youth with disabilities. Further research is needed to understand what program components could help youth to obtain optimal outcomes.Implications for RehabilitationSeveral types of interventions (school-based, community, online) have potential to influence self-determination for youth with disabilities.Clinicians and educators should consider having multiple components including workshops, one-to-one and group-based learning, mentoring and coaching for optimal program outcomes.Interventions that are targeted to enhance self-determination for youth with disabilities should be theoretically informed and use a validated measure to assess their effectiveness.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Disabled Persons; Humans; Mentors; Personal Autonomy; Schools; Self Efficacy
PubMed: 34056997
DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1928776 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Oct 2017Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a self-destructive act that represents a considerable burden on the individual and society. Low self-esteem may be a psychological... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a self-destructive act that represents a considerable burden on the individual and society. Low self-esteem may be a psychological variable that is related to NSSI. However, little is known about the nature of this relationship in adulthood. This systematic review therefore aimed to provide a synthesis of the available literature on the relationship between self-esteem and NSSI.
METHODS
Articles were independently identified and risk of bias assessed by two reviewers searching PsycINFO, CINAHL, Medline and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria were: (1) a mean sample age of eighteen years or over (2) full manuscripts available in English (3) assessment of NSSI (4) assessment(s) of self-esteem. A narrative synthesis of results was undertaken. A random-effects meta-analysis of differences in self-esteem between NSSI and non-NSSI groups was also undertaken.
RESULTS
Seventeen studies were identified and indicated a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and NSSI. The meta-analysis indicated lower self-esteem in those with experiences of NSSI versus those without, d = 0.59 - 1.17. Results suggested that although low self-esteem and NSSI are related in both clinical and non-clinical populations, there are a number of factors which also influence this relationship.
LIMITATIONS
The absence of longitudinal research is a major limitation of this literature.
CONCLUSIONS
It will be important for clinicians to consider the impact of self-esteem in those seeking support for NSSI. Further research should undertake longitudinal research to better understand the self-esteem and NSSI relationship.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Risk Factors; Self Concept; Self-Injurious Behavior
PubMed: 28647667
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.027 -
Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 2021Contraceptive self-care interventions are a promising approach to improving reproductive health. Reproductive empowerment, the capacity of individuals to achieve their... (Review)
Review
Contraceptive self-care interventions are a promising approach to improving reproductive health. Reproductive empowerment, the capacity of individuals to achieve their reproductive goals, is recognised as a component of self-care. An improved understanding of the relationship between self-care and empowerment is needed to advance the design, implementation and scale-up of self-care interventions. We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature published from 2010 through 2020 to assess the relationship between reproductive empowerment and access, acceptability, use or intention to use contraceptive self-care. Our review adheres to PRISMA guidelines and is registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42020205235). A total of 3036 unique records were screened and 37 studies met our inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries, were cross-sectional and had high risk of bias. Almost half included only women. Over 80% investigated male condoms. All but one study focused on use of self-care. We found positive relationships between condom use self-efficacy and use of/intention to use condoms. We found similar evidence for other self-care contraceptive methods, but the low number of studies and quality of the evidence precludes drawing strong conclusions. Few studies assessed causal relationships between empowerment and self-care, indicating that further research is warranted. Other underexplored areas include research on power with influential groups besides sexual partners, methods other than condoms, and access and acceptability of contraceptive self-care. Research using validated empowerment measures should be conducted in diverse geographies and populations including adolescents and men.
PubMed: 35892261
DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2090057 -
Addictive Behaviors Sep 2020The concept of self has become increasingly relevant to understanding the psychological mechanisms of problematic online gaming. Many gaming activities feature in-game... (Review)
Review
The concept of self has become increasingly relevant to understanding the psychological mechanisms of problematic online gaming. Many gaming activities feature in-game avatars that enable the adoption of, and experimentation with, different roles and identities. Avatars enable players to compensate for perceived deficiencies in their real-world self (e.g., lack of physical strength, beauty, or social status). Currently, how avatar- and self-related processes may develop and maintain problematic gaming, including gaming disorder (GD), is unclear. This systematic review examined 18 quantitative studies of avatar- and self-related concepts and problematic gaming, including 13 survey-based and 5 neuroimaging studies. Despite variability in the conceptualization and measurement of avatar/self-related concepts, survey-based studies have consistently reported that negative self-concept, avatar identification, and large self-avatar discrepancies are significantly associated with problematic gaming. Poor self-concept appears to be a risk factor for GD, particularly for games that facilitate role-playing and identity formation. Further research and clinical evidence are needed to explain how avatar- and self-related processes may relate to the addictive mechanisms of GD (e.g., cognitive distortions, reward-seeking, inhibitory control, self-regulation systems), amid calls for problem gaming-related assessment and interventions to incorporate a focus on avatar identification.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Internet; Role Playing; Self Concept; Surveys and Questionnaires; Video Games
PubMed: 32480244
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106461 -
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Aug 2015This paper presents a systematic review of the literature concerning the relationship between alexithymia and self-harm. Fifteen studies were selected following a... (Review)
Review
This paper presents a systematic review of the literature concerning the relationship between alexithymia and self-harm. Fifteen studies were selected following a systematic search of relevant databases. Results indicate significantly higher levels of alexithymia in women who self-harm compared with women who do not self-harm. Studies of men were less conclusive and require further investigation. A subsample of the studies found that childhood abuse and bullying were more likely to be associated with self-harm if alexithymia was present as a mediator. Other studies found that depression mediated between alexithymia and self-harm. The results indicate that the poor emotional cognition and expression associated with alexithymia may increase vulnerability to self-harm, particularly in women.
Topics: Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Affective Symptoms; Female; Humans; Male; Self-Injurious Behavior; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 26011069
DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12217 -
Archives of Suicide Research : Official... 2022Suicide and self-harm are widespread yet underreported. Risk assessment is key to effective self-harm and suicide prevention and management. There is contradicting...
OBJECTIVE
Suicide and self-harm are widespread yet underreported. Risk assessment is key to effective self-harm and suicide prevention and management. There is contradicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of risk assessment tools in predicting self-harm and suicide risk. This systematic review examines the effect of risk assessment strategies on predicting suicide and self-harm outcomes among adult healthcare service users.
METHOD
Electronic and gray literature databases were searched for prospective research. Studies were screened and selected by independent reviewers. Quality and level of evidence assessments were conducted. Due to study heterogeneity, we present a narrative synthesis under three categories: (1) suicide- and self-harm-related outcomes; (2) clinician assessment of suicide and self-harm risk; and (3) healthcare utilization due to self-harm or suicide.
RESULTS
Twenty-one studies were included in this review. The SAD PERSONS Scale was the most used tool. It outperformed the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation in predicting hospital admissions and stay following suicide and self-harm, yet it failed to predict repeat suicide and self-harm and was not recommended for routine use. There were mixed findings relating to clinician risk assessment, with some studies recommending clinician assessment over structured tools, whilst others found that clinician assessment failed to predict future attempts and deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of any one tool, inclusive of clinician assessment of risk, for self-harm and suicidality. The discourse around risk assessment needs to move toward a broader discussion on the safety of patients who are at risk for self-harm and/or suicide.HIGHLIGHTSThere is insufficient evidence to support using standalone risk assessment tools.There are mixed findings relating to clinician assessment of risk.Structured professional judgment is widely accepted for risk assessment.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Prospective Studies; Self-Injurious Behavior; Suicidal Ideation; Risk Assessment; Suicide Prevention
PubMed: 34193026
DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2021.1938321 -
Heliyon Oct 2022Despite the associated health risks of self-medication during pregnancy, recent evidence suggests that the phenomena persist in most countries. However, self-medication... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite the associated health risks of self-medication during pregnancy, recent evidence suggests that the phenomena persist in most countries. However, self-medication during pregnancy in Ghana is poorly understood due to the lack of a comprehensive review study.
OBJECTIVES
We sought to review existing literature on the prevalence of self-medication, drugs used in self-medication, diseases associated with self-medication, and why pregnant women in Ghana self-medicate.
METHODS
A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, African Journal Online (AJOL), Google Scholar, and the websites of Ghanaian universities to identify studies that were published until February 2022. We performed this review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A random-effects meta-analysis was done in StatsDirect statistical software and OpenMeta [Analyst] to estimate the prevalence of self-medication during pregnancy and was reported in a forest plot. Simple charts and tables were used to summarize evidence on drugs used in self-medication, diseases associated with self-medication, and reasons for self-medication.
RESULTS
Six (6) studies met our inclusion criteria and the pooled prevalence of self-medication during pregnancy was 65.4% (95% CI = 58.2%-72.6%; = 88.32%; p < 0.001). Common drugs used for self-medication included analgesics (48.1%) and herbal drugs (45.9%). Headache and lower abdominal pain were the most common conditions for which pregnant women self-medicated. The main reasons for self-medication were the perceived unserious nature of diseases, previous experience with drugs, and easy access to over-the-counter drugs.
CONCLUSIONS
Self-medication among pregnant women in Ghana is substantially high. Measures need to be implemented to reduce the high prevalence of self-medication during pregnancy to achieve sustainable development goals on maternal health in Ghana. A limitation of this study was the small number of included studies, which calls for more studies on self-medication during pregnancy in Ghana.
PubMed: 36217484
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10777