-
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... Jan 2020Objectives Evidence on the effect of smoking on sickness absence could guide workplace smoking cessation interventions and encourage employers to promote smoking... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Objectives Evidence on the effect of smoking on sickness absence could guide workplace smoking cessation interventions and encourage employers to promote smoking cessation among their employees. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize evidence on the association between smoking and sickness absence and determine whether there are differences in this association for study design, methodology, and sample characteristics. Methods We searched for studies that reported on smoking status and sickness absence, used empirical data, were published in a peer-reviewed journal in the last 25 years, and written in English. We conducted pooled analyses in which uni- and multivariate generalized linear regression models were applied. Results After screening 2551 unique records, 46 articles from 43 studies were included, of which 33 studies (with 1 240 723 participants) could be included in the pooled analyses. Smoking was associated with an 31% increase in risk of sickness absence compared to non-smoking (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-39). We did not find statistically significant different effect sizes for study location, gender, age, occupational class, study design, assessment of sickness absence, short- versus long-term sickness absence, and adjustment for relevant confounders. Furthermore, smoking was associated with 2.89 more sickness absence days per year compared to non-smoking (95% CI 2.08-3.70). Conclusions We found robust evidence showing that smoking increases both the risk and number of sickness absence days in working populations, regardless of study location, gender, age, and occupational class. Encouraging smoking cessation at the workplace could therefore be beneficial for employers and employees.
Topics: Absenteeism; Humans; Smoking; Workplace
PubMed: 31478055
DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3848 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Smoking is a major public health problem. Although physicians have a key role in the fight against smoking, some of them are still smoking. Thus, we aimed to conduct a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Smoking is a major public health problem. Although physicians have a key role in the fight against smoking, some of them are still smoking. Thus, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of smoking among physicians.
METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched. The prevalence of smoking among physicians was estimated and stratified, where possible, by specialties, continents, and periods of time. Then, meta-regressions were performed regarding putative influencing factors such as age and sex.
RESULTS
Among 246 studies and 497,081 physicians, the smoking prevalence among physicians was 21% (95CI 20 to 23%). Prevalence of smoking was 25% in medical students, 24% in family practitioners, 18% in surgical specialties, 17% in psychiatrists, 16% in medical specialties, 11% in anesthesiologists, 9% in radiologists, and 8% in pediatricians. Physicians in Europe and Asia had a higher smoking prevalence than in Oceania. The smoking prevalence among physicians has decreased over time. Male physicians had a higher smoking prevalence. Age did not influence smoking prevalence.
CONCLUSION
Prevalence of smoking among physicians is high, around 21%. Family practitioners and medical students have the highest percentage of smokers. All physicians should benefit from targeted preventive strategies.
Topics: Humans; Male; Physicians; Prevalence; Smoking; Students, Medical; Tobacco Smoking
PubMed: 34948936
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413328 -
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aug 2023Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States. The risk of smoking poses an even greater threat for racial/ethnic minorities,... (Review)
Review
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States. The risk of smoking poses an even greater threat for racial/ethnic minorities, particularly Black and Hispanic cancer patients who face a range of existing disparities in healthcare. Despite these risks for poor health outcomes among this population, little is known about the smoking behaviors of Black and Hispanic cancer patients. The purpose of this review was to understand differences in smoking prevalence, intensity, and cessation between Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White cancer patients and survivors. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach as our framework, we conducted a systematic review of the literature. Our review discusses the methods, population, and implications of 37 included articles. Conclusions reflect the need to establish intentional and systematic measurement of smoking behaviors to best understand the risks of smoking among Black and Hispanic cancer patients.
Topics: Humans; Black People; Ethnicity; Health Behavior; Hispanic or Latino; Neoplasms; Smoking; United States; White
PubMed: 36318437
DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01423-8 -
Substance Use & Misuse 2015Research supports an association between smoking and negative affect. Loneliness is a negative affective state experienced when a person perceives themselves as socially... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Research supports an association between smoking and negative affect. Loneliness is a negative affective state experienced when a person perceives themselves as socially isolated and is associated with poor health behaviors and increased morbidity and early mortality.
OBJECTIVES
In this article, we systematically review the literature on loneliness and smoking and suggest potential theoretical and methodological implications.
METHODS
PubMed and PsycINFO were systematically searched for articles that assessed the statistical association between loneliness and smoking. Articles that met study inclusion criteria were reviewed.
RESULTS
Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Ten studies were conducted with nationally representative samples. Twelve studies assessed loneliness using a version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and nine used a one-item measure of loneliness. Seventeen studies assessed smoking with a binary smoking status variable. Fourteen of the studies were conducted with adults and 11 with adolescents. Half of the reviewed studies reported a statistically significant association between loneliness and smoking. Of the studies with significant results, all but one study found that higher loneliness scores were associated with being a smoker.
CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE
Loneliness and smoking are likely associated, however, half of the studies reviewed did not report significant associations. Studies conducted with larger sample sizes, such as those that used nationally representative samples, were more likely to have statistically significant findings. Future studies should focus on using large, longitudinal cohorts, using measures that capture different aspects of loneliness and smoking, and exploring mediators and moderators of the association between loneliness and smoking.
Topics: Affect; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Loneliness; Male; Sex Factors; Smoking; Social Isolation
PubMed: 26555089
DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1027933 -
BMJ Open Dec 2014Since conflicting results have been published on the role of tobacco smoking on the risk of endometriosis, we provide an up-to-date summary quantification of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Since conflicting results have been published on the role of tobacco smoking on the risk of endometriosis, we provide an up-to-date summary quantification of this potential association.
DESIGN
We performed a PubMed/MEDLINE search of the relevant publications up to September 2014, considering studies on humans published in English. We searched the reference list of the identified papers to find other relevant publications. Case-control as well as cohort studies have been included reporting risk estimates on the association between tobacco smoking and endometriosis. 38 of the 1758 screened papers met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies included a total of 13,129 women diagnosed with endometriosis.
SETTING
Academic hospitals.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Risk of endometriosis in tobacco smokers.
RESULTS
We obtained the summary estimates of the relative risk (RR) using the random effect model, and assessed the heterogeneity among studies using the χ(2) test and quantified it using the I(2) statistic. As compared to never-smokers, the summary RR were 0.96 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.08) for ever smokers, 0.95 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.11) for former smokers, 0.92 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.04) for current smokers, 0.87 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.07) for moderate smokers and 0.93 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.26) for heavy smokers.
CONCLUSIONS
The present meta-analysis provided no evidence for an association between tobacco smoking and the risk of endometriosis. The results were consistent considering ever, former, current, moderate and heavy smokers, and across type of endometriosis and study design.
Topics: Endometriosis; Female; Global Health; Humans; Morbidity; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 25534211
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006325 -
Arthroscopy : the Journal of... Aug 2015To investigate the association of smoking with rotator cuff (RTC) disease and shoulder dysfunction, defined as poor scores on shoulder rating scales. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To investigate the association of smoking with rotator cuff (RTC) disease and shoulder dysfunction, defined as poor scores on shoulder rating scales.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed using a search strategy based on "shoulder AND [smoke OR smoking OR nicotine OR tobacco]." English-language clinical or basic science studies testing the association of smoking and shoulder dysfunction on shoulder rating scales or disease of the soft tissue of the shoulder were included. Level V evidence studies and articles reporting only on surgery outcomes, subjective symptoms, adhesive capsulitis, or presence of fracture or oncologic mass were excluded.
RESULTS
Thirteen studies were included, comprising a total of 16,172 patients, of whom 6,081 were smokers. All 4 clinical studies addressing the association between smoking and patient-reported shoulder symptoms and dysfunction in terms of poor scores on shoulder rating scales (i.e., Simple Shoulder Test; University of California, Los Angeles shoulder scale; and self-reported surveys) confirmed this correlation with 6,678 patients, of whom 1,723 were smokers. Two of four studies documenting provider-reported RTC disease comprised 8,461 patients, of whom 4,082 were smokers, and found a time- and dose-dependent relation of smoking with RTC tears and a correlation of smoking with impingement syndrome. Smoking was also reported in 4 other articles to be associated with the prevalence of larger RTC tears or tears with pronounced degenerative changes in 1,033 patients, of whom 276 were smokers, and may accelerate RTC degeneration, which could result in tears at a younger age. In addition, 1 basic science study showed that nicotine increased stiffness of the supraspinatus tendon in a rat model.
CONCLUSIONS
Smoking is associated with RTC tears, shoulder dysfunction, and shoulder symptoms. Smoking may also accelerate RTC degeneration and increase the prevalence of larger RTC tears. These correlations suggest that smoking may increase the risk of symptomatic RTC disease, which could consequently increase the need for surgical interventions.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level IV, systematic review of Level II through IV studies.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Joint Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rotator Cuff; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Shoulder Joint; Smoking
PubMed: 25801046
DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.01.026 -
Chest Jul 2016Smoking tobacco increases the risk of respiratory disease in adults and children, but communicating the magnitude of these effects in a scientific manner that is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Smoking tobacco increases the risk of respiratory disease in adults and children, but communicating the magnitude of these effects in a scientific manner that is accessible and usable by the public and policymakers presents a challenge. We have therefore summarized scientific data on the impact of smoking on respiratory diseases to provide the content for a unique resource, SmokeHaz.
METHODS
We conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies (published to 2013) identified from electronic databases, gray literature, and experts. Random effect meta-analyses were used to pool the findings.
RESULTS
We included 216 articles. Among adult smokers, we confirmed substantially increased risks of lung cancer (risk ratio (RR), 10.92; 95% CI, 8.28-14.40; 34 studies), COPD (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.18-5.05; 22 studies), and asthma (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.42; eight studies). Exposure to passive smoke significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in adult nonsmokers and increased the risks of asthma, wheeze, lower respiratory infections, and reduced lung function in children. Smoking significantly increased the risk of sleep apnea and asthma exacerbations in adult and pregnant populations, and active and passive smoking increased the risk of tuberculosis.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings have been translated into easily digestible content and published on the SmokeHaz website.
Topics: Humans; Public Health; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 27102185
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.060 -
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric... Oct 2023Tobacco use is an important cause of preventable mortality and morbidity worldwide. Only 7% of smokers successfully quit annually, despite numerous evidence-based... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Tobacco use is an important cause of preventable mortality and morbidity worldwide. Only 7% of smokers successfully quit annually, despite numerous evidence-based smoking cessation treatments. An important reason for failure is barriers to accessing appropriate smoking cessation interventions, which can be minimized by technology-delivered interventions, such as ecological momentary interventions. Ecological momentary interventions provide the right type and intensity of treatment in real time, based on ecological momentary assessments of relevant variables. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of ecological momentary interventions in smoking cessation.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, psychINFO, and ProQuest without applying any filters on 19 September, 2022. One author screened search results for obvious irrelevant and duplicate studies. The remaining studies were independently reviewed by two authors to exclude irrelevant studies, and then they extracted data from the included studies. We collated study findings, transformed data into a common rubric, and calculated a weighted treatment effect across studies using Review Manager 5.
FINDINGS
We analyzed 10 studies with a total of 2391 participants. Assessment methods included exhaled CO analyzers, bidirectional SMS, data input in apps, and hand movement detection. Interventions were based on acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Smoking abstinence was significantly higher in participants of intervention groups compared to control groups (RR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.07-1.44, P = 0.004; I = 0%).
CONCLUSION
Ecological momentary intervention is a novel area of research in behavioral science. The results of this systematic review based on the available literature suggest that these interventions could be beneficial for smoking cessation.
Topics: Humans; Smoking Cessation; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Smoking; Behavior Therapy
PubMed: 37269310
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02503-2 -
European Archives of Psychiatry and... Aug 2014It is unclear whether adult smokers with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder history (CH) have more severe smoking behavior than non-CH smokers, while it... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
It is unclear whether adult smokers with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder history (CH) have more severe smoking behavior than non-CH smokers, while it is clearly suggested that CH adolescents have more severe smoking behavior than CH adolescents. The aim of the present comprehensive meta-analysis is to determine whether CH smokers have more severe smoking behavior characteristics than those without and the effect of age on the association between CH and smoking behavior. We included all case-control studies and first round data collection of observational studies addressing the difference in smoking behavior characteristics of CH smokers versus non-CH smokers, with validated scales or structured interviews, without any language or date restriction. Nine studies (including 365 smokers with CH and 1,708 smokers without) were included. Compared to non-CH smokers, CH smokers smoked significantly more cigarettes [standardized mean differences (SMD) = 0.15, 95 % CI 0.01-0.28, p = 0.04] and began to regularly smoke earlier (SMD = -0.28, 95 % CI -0.49; -0.07, p = 0.01) but were not significantly more nicotine dependent (SMD = 0.23, 95 % CI -0.04 to 0.48, p = 0.08). After removing the single adolescent study, the significant association between CH and number of daily smoked cigarettes disappeared, and subgroups analyses confirmed that the significant association between CH and number of daily smoked cigarettes disappeared as age increased. Our meta-analysis illustrates a clinically important link between CH and tobacco smoking in adolescence but not later in life. Further high-quality studies are needed to confirm this finding, as only two studies included participants with a mean age below 20 years.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Humans; PubMed; Smoking
PubMed: 24619241
DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0497-5 -
Medicine Aug 2016Previous studies have warned against the promoting effects of cigarette smoking on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In contrast, some have argued that smoking confers... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Previous studies have warned against the promoting effects of cigarette smoking on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In contrast, some have argued that smoking confers a protective effect regarding BPH, while others have observed an aggravated effect. Thus, we performed this meta-analysis to determine whether cigarette use is associated with BPH risk.To identify articles from observational studies of relevance, a search was performed concurrent to March 21, 2016, on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, EBSCO, and EMBASE databases. Random-effect model, according to the heterogeneity, was calculated to reveal the relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Eight articles were included in this meta-analysis, representing data for 44,100 subjects, of which 5221 (11.8%) had BPH as defined according to the criteria. Seven reports are concerned with analysis between nonsmokers and ex-smokers, in which no significant difference was observed (RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.94-1.05). Another meta-analysis of 7 studies indicated an observable trend, but without significant difference between groups of nonsmokers and current smokers (RR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.98-1.41). Between groups of heavy (6 articles; RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.84-1.24) and light smokers (5 articles; RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.71-1.15), again no significant difference appears. Finally, we combined individuals as never-smokers and ever-smokers and still found no significant difference between the 2 groups of patients (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.92-1.15). Sensitivity analysis was displayed and confirmed the stability of the present results.Combined evidence from observational studies shows no significant association between cigarette smoking and BPH risk, either for ex-smokers or for current smokers. The trend of elevated BPH risk from smoking was observed only in current smokers compared with nonsmokers, while marginal significance was observed in comparing ever-smokers with never-smokers in operative patients with BPH.
Topics: Humans; Male; Observational Studies as Topic; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Smoking
PubMed: 27512883
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004565