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European Journal of Cardiovascular... Jun 2022One of the most important mechanisms by which smoking contributes to cardiovascular disease is endothelial dysfunction, including arterial stiffness. However, the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
AIMS
One of the most important mechanisms by which smoking contributes to cardiovascular disease is endothelial dysfunction, including arterial stiffness. However, the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness remain unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness in the adult population.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Random effects models were used to compute pooled estimates of effect size (ES) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) and %change in pulse wave velocity (PWv) (m/s) for the acute and chronic effect of smoking and smoking cessation, and for the effect of smoking cessation vs. the pooled ES estimate for the effect of smoking cessation vs. maintaining this behaviour. Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Smoking cessation decreased the PWv (ES -0.52, 95% CI -1.02 to -0.03, 3.5% m/s) compared to those maintaining this behaviour. Pooled estimates of both smoking conventional cigarettes and vaping significantly increased the PWv (ES 0.68, 95% CI 0.39-0.98, 10.0% m/s; and ES 0.37, 95% CI 0.14-0.61, 4.7% m/s, respectively). In addition, smoking cessation was effective in reducing arterial stiffness but only in healthy subjects (ES -0.95, 95% CI -1.85 to -0.05, -6.7% m/s). The chronic effect of smoking showed non-significant results on arterial stiffness.
CONCLUSION
Our results show that arterial stiffness levels decrease after smoking cessation. These findings are of clinical importance, as smoking cessation partially reverses the effects of smoking on arterial stiffness.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Pulse Wave Analysis; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 34741612
DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvab102 -
The Journal of School Health Jan 2012Social networks are important in adolescent smoking behavior. Previous research indicates that peer context is a major causal factor of adolescent smoking behavior. To... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Social networks are important in adolescent smoking behavior. Previous research indicates that peer context is a major causal factor of adolescent smoking behavior. To date, however, little is known about the influence of peer group structure on adolescent smoking behavior.
METHODS
Studies that examined adolescent social networks with regard to their cigarette smoking behavior were identified through online and manual literature searches. Ten social network analysis studies involving a total of 28,263 adolescents were included in the final review.
RESULTS
Of the 10 reviewed studies, 6 identify clique members, liaisons, and isolates as contributing factors to adolescent cigarette smoking. Significantly higher rates of smoking are noted among isolates than clique members or liaisons in terms of peer network structure. Eight of the reviewed studies indicate that peer selection or influence precedes adolescents' smoking behavior and intent to smoke. Such peer selection or influence accounts for a large portion of similarities among smoking adolescents.
CONCLUSION
Adolescents who are identified as isolates are more likely to smoke and engage in risk-taking behaviors than others in the peer network structure. Given that the vast majority of current adult smokers started their smoking habits during adolescence, adolescent smoking prevention efforts will likely benefit from incorporating social network analytic approaches and focusing the efforts on isolates and other vulnerable adolescents from a peer selection and influence perspective.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Addictive; Choice Behavior; Female; Friends; Group Structure; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Loneliness; Male; Peer Group; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Smoking; Social Behavior; Social Class; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States
PubMed: 22142171
DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00663.x -
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Mar 2019The association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease has long been recognized, but its role in the development of microscopic colitis is less well defined.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease has long been recognized, but its role in the development of microscopic colitis is less well defined. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted with the aims to identify all available studies on the association between smoking and risk of microscopic colitis and to synthesize their results.
METHODS
The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from inception to May 2018 for cohort studies and case-control studies that compared the risk of microscopic colitis among current/former smokers vs individuals who have never smoked. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from the included studies and pooled together using a random-effects model, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird. Between-study heterogeneity was quantified using the Q statistic and I2. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.
RESULTS
Seven studies (2 cohort studies and 5 case-control studies) with 262,312 participants met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Relative to never-smokers, current smokers had significantly increased odds of microscopic colitis, with a pooled OR of 2.99 (95% CI, 2.15-4.15; I2, 64%). Former smokers also had significantly higher odds of microscopic colitis compared with never-smokers, with a pooled OR of 1.63 (95% CI, 1.37-1.94; I2, 0%). Funnel plots were symmetric and did not provide suggestive evidence of publication bias for both analyses.
CONCLUSIONS
The current systematic review and meta-analysis found a significantly higher risk of microscopic colitis among current smokers compared with never-smokers. The risk attenuated among former smokers but remained significantly higher among never-smokers.
Topics: Colitis, Microscopic; Humans; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 30869794
DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy296 -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Nov 2015Little is known about the consequences of tobacco smoking stigma on smokers and how smokers may internalize smoking-related stigma. This review summarizes existing... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Little is known about the consequences of tobacco smoking stigma on smokers and how smokers may internalize smoking-related stigma. This review summarizes existing literature on tobacco smoking self-stigma, investigating to what extent smokers are aware of negative stereotypes, agree with them and apply them to themselves.
METHODS
We carried out a systematic search of Pubmed/Web of Science/PsycInfo databases for articles related to smoking self-stigma through June 2013. Reference lists and citations of included studies were also checked and experts were contacted. After screening articles for inclusion/exclusion criteria we performed a quality assessment and summarized findings according to the stages of self-stigma as conceptualized in Corrigan's progressive model of self-stigma (aware, agree, apply and harm). Initial searches yielded 570 articles.
RESULTS
Thirty of these articles (18 qualitative and 12 quantitative studies) met criteria for our review. Awareness of smoking stigma was virtually universal across studies. Coping strategies for smoking stigma and the degree to which individuals who smoke internalized this stigma varied both within and across studies. There was considerable variation in positive, negative, and non-significant consequences associated with smoking self-stigma. Limited evidence was found for subgroup differences in smoking-related stigma.
CONCLUSION
While there is some evidence that smoking self-stigma leads to reductions in smoking, this review also identified significant negative consequences of smoking self-stigma. Future research should assess the factors related to differences in how individuals respond to smoking stigma. Public health strategies which limit the stigmatization of smokers may be warranted.
Topics: Health Policy; Humans; Models, Psychological; Smoking; Social Stigma; Stereotyping
PubMed: 26439764
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.026 -
American Journal of Kidney Diseases :... Aug 2011Cigarette smoking is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population, but the effect of smoking on these outcomes in the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cigarette smoking is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population, but the effect of smoking on these outcomes in the dialysis population is less well studied.
STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.
SETTING & POPULATION
Adults treated with long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR INCLUDED STUDIES: Cohort studies of unselected dialysis patients reporting the association between smoking status and cardiovascular morbidity and/or mortality.
PREDICTOR
Smoking status (determined using patient report).
OUTCOMES
(1) All-cause or cardiovascular mortality; (2) incident cardiovascular events.
RESULTS
We identified 34 studies that fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Of these, 26 studies provided data for smoking and mortality and 10 (n = 6,538) were included in a meta-analysis. The pooled HR for all-cause mortality in smokers compared with nonsmokers was 1.65 (95% CI, 1.26-2.14; P < 0.001). 11 studies provided data for smoking and incident cardiovascular events; 5 (pooled n = 845) were included in a meta-analysis. The pooled HR for composite cardiovascular events in smokers compared with nonsmokers was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.98-1.05; P = 0.4).
LIMITATIONS
Data for these meta-analyses were heterogeneous. Few individual studies assessed smoking as the primary variable of interest.
CONCLUSIONS
Active smoking is associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality in dialysis patients, although there was no corresponding increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Renal Dialysis; Smoking
PubMed: 21664017
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.03.025 -
International Journal of Gynaecology... Apr 2022Smoking is a major public health problem. However, its association with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is inconclusive. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Smoking is a major public health problem. However, its association with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is inconclusive.
OBJECTIVE
To find the association between smoking during pregnancy and HDP.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched PubMed, Ovid and Cochrane Library up to March, 2021, using terms including "smoking" and "HDP".
SELECTION CRITERIA
Observational studies that assessed the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and HDP were included.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and other necessary data were extracted. Stata16.0 MP was used to analyze statistics.
MAIN RESULTS
A total of 13 studies were included. Meta-analysis revealed that smoking during pregnancy was a protective factor for HDP (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.92), gestational hypertension (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.69-0.79), and pre-eclampsia (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.58-0.73). Subgroup analysis showed that smoking during pregnancy was a risk factor for HDP in Asia but a protective factor in Europe and North America. Neither quitting smoking before pregnancy nor during pregnancy had a statistically significant association with HDP.
CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis revealed that smoking during pregnancy might prevent HDP, gestational hypertension, and pre-eclampsia. Smoking during pregnancy was a risk factor for HDP in Asia but a protective factor in Europe and North America.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced; Odds Ratio; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 33864264
DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13709 -
The Laryngoscope Jun 2024Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent inflammatory disease of the upper airway. The impact of smoking on CRS has not been clearly established. We aim to clarify... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent inflammatory disease of the upper airway. The impact of smoking on CRS has not been clearly established. We aim to clarify the association between first-hand cigarette smoking and the prevalence and prognoses of CRS.
REVIEW METHODS
PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception until May 15, 2022. Three blinded reviewers selected relevant studies, extracted data, and evaluated study bias following a PROSPERO-registered protocol (CRD42022345585). We used random-effects meta-analyses to pool the prevalence of smoking in CRS, association between smoking status and CRS, and association of smoking with quality of life (QOL) before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). We also performed descriptive analyses of olfactory function, CT scores, and endoscopy scores before and after FESS.
RESULTS
We included 23 cross-sectional studies, 19 cohort studies, two case-control studies, and one prospective clinical trial. The pooled prevalence of ever-smokers was 40% (95% CI = 0.30-0.51) and 33% (95% CI = 0.25-0.43) in patients with and without CRS. Compared to never-smokers, active smokers and past smokers had 1.35 (95% CI = 1.18-1.55) and 1.23 (95% CI = 1.17-1.29) higher odds of having CRS. Among patients with CRS, non-smokers reported higher initial QOL than smokers (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.11-0.35), although post-FESS QOL was similar (SMD = 0.10, 95% CI = -0.30-0.51). Descriptive analysis found no significant correlations between smoking and post-FESS olfactory function and endoscopy scores.
CONCLUSIONS
Cigarette smoking is associated with higher prevalence and odds of CRS. Clinicians should be aware that smoking predisposes to CRS, but does not negatively impact the rhinologic outcomes of FESS. Laryngoscope, 134:2513-2524, 2024.
Topics: Humans; Sinusitis; Rhinitis; Chronic Disease; Quality of Life; Prevalence; Smoking; Endoscopy; Prognosis; Rhinosinusitis
PubMed: 38112394
DOI: 10.1002/lary.31223 -
Depression and Anxiety Nov 2018Previous reviews of the PTSD and cigarette smoking literature showed high PTSD-smoking comorbidity and problematic smoking outcomes (Feldner et al., 2007, Clinical...
BACKGROUND
Previous reviews of the PTSD and cigarette smoking literature showed high PTSD-smoking comorbidity and problematic smoking outcomes (Feldner et al., 2007, Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 14-45; Fu et al., 2007, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9, 1071-1084). However, past reviews also noted several prominent gaps in the literature, including a lack of etiological work examining underlying mechanisms and research on specialized PTSD-smoking treatments. The present review summarizes an extensive body of research conducted since the previous reviews targeting these areas of need.
METHODS
Literature searches identified 66 empirical studies specific to smoking and PTSD.
RESULTS
Smokers were approximately twice more likely to have PTSD than nonsmokers in the general population, and individuals with PTSD were approximately twice as likely to be current smokers. Smokers with PTSD evidenced more negative affect, trauma history, and comorbid psychiatric history, as well as quit attempts and higher relapse rates. PTSD symptoms were associated with expectations that smoking would reduce negative affect, which, in turn, was associated with increased smoking rate and nicotine dependence. Male sex was associated with nicotine dependence and PTSD avoidance, while the relationship between PTSD and smoking relapse due to withdrawal was stronger in females. Specialized, integrated PTSD and smoking cessation treatments showed promise in increasing quit success relative to standard care in randomized trials.
CONCLUSIONS
Rates of PTSD-smoking co-occurrence remain high. Notable gains have been made in relevant epidemiological and etiological research, although more work is needed in trauma-specific subpopulations. Several promising specialized treatments for comorbid smoking-PTSD have been developed and empirically tested but require replication.
Topics: Cigarette Smoking; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Comorbidity; Humans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Tobacco Use Disorder
PubMed: 30192425
DOI: 10.1002/da.22828 -
BMC Public Health Apr 2011Tooth loss impairs oral function. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the causal association between smoking and tooth loss on the basis of high-quality... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tooth loss impairs oral function. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the causal association between smoking and tooth loss on the basis of high-quality studies.
METHODS
Relevant literature was searched and screened, and the methodological quality was assessed. Information on the strength of the association between smoking and tooth loss, the dose-response relationship and natural experimental data was collected and evaluated with respect to consistency and study design.
RESULTS
Our literature search yielded 496 citations, and 6 cross-sectional and 2 cohort high-quality studies examining 58,755 subjects in four countries. All studies reported significant associations, although the strength of the association was usually moderate. Four studies reported dose-response relationships between exposure to smoking and the risk of developing tooth loss. A decrease in the risk of tooth loss for former smokers was evident in six studies. Interpretation of evidence for each element was consistent, despite some shortcomings regarding study type and population.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the consistent evidence found with the existing biological plausibility, a causal association between smoking and tooth loss is highly likely. Further studies using a cohort design and different populations are necessary to confirm this association.
Topics: Humans; Smoking; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 21477320
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-221 -
Preventive Medicine Apr 2016Recently Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration warned about the cardiovascular risk of testosterone, making environmental drivers of testosterone potential... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Recently Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration warned about the cardiovascular risk of testosterone, making environmental drivers of testosterone potential prevention targets. Cotinine, a tobacco metabolite, inhibits testosterone breakdown. We assessed the association of smoking with testosterone in a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching PubMed and Web of Science through March 2015 using ("testosterone" or "androgen" or "sex hormone") and ("smoking" or "cigarette"). Two reviewers independently searched, selected, assessed quality and abstracted with differences resolved by consensus or reference to a third reviewer. The initial search yielded 2881 studies; 28 met the selection criteria. In 22 studies of 13,317 men, mean age 18-61years, smokers had higher mean testosterone than non-smokers (1.53nmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 1.96) using a random effects model with inverse variance weighting. In 6 studies of 6089 women, mean age 28-62years, smoking was not clearly associated with testosterone (0.11nmol/L, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.30). Fixed effects models provided similar results, but suggested a positive association in women. Whether products which raise cotinine, such as e-cigarettes or nicotine replacement, also raise testosterone, should be investigated, to inform any regulatory action for e-cigarettes, which emit nicotine into the surrounding air, with relevance for both active and passive smokers.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cotinine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Observational Studies as Topic; Smoking; Testosterone; Young Adult
PubMed: 26763163
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.021