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PloS One 2015Cigarette smoking may increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, although its impact on pancreatitis has only been discerned in recent years. However, the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Cigarette smoking may increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, although its impact on pancreatitis has only been discerned in recent years. However, the results of previous studies differ. We performed a meta-analysis to provide a quantitative pooled risk estimate of the association of cigarette smoking with pancreatitis.
METHOD
A literature search of the MEDLINE and Embase databases was conducted, and studies were selected that investigated the association of cigarette smoking with pancreatitis. Summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Twenty-two studies were included. The summary RRs (95% CI) associated with ever, current and former smokers for acute and chronic pancreatitis (AP/CP) were as follows: 1.51 (1.10, 2.07)/3.00 (1.46, 6.17), 1.42 (1.08, 1.87)/2.72 (1.74, 4.24), and 1.22 (0.99, 1.52)/1.27 (1.00, 1.62), respectively. Moreover, studies that analyzed both AP and CP were also summarized: 1.73 (1.18, 2.54) for ever smokers, 1.67 (1.03, 2.68) for current smokers and 1.56 (1.16, 2.11) for former smokers, respectively. There was no evidence of publication bias across the studies.
CONCLUSION
The evidence suggests a positive association of cigarette smoking with the development of pancreatitis. It is possible that smoking cessation may be a useful strategy for the management of pancreatitis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreatitis; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 25879541
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124075 -
American Journal of Physical Medicine &... Apr 2022Despite rotator cuff disease being one of the most common causes of shoulder pain, its pathogenesis and biology are poorly understood. In this study, we synthesized... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Despite rotator cuff disease being one of the most common causes of shoulder pain, its pathogenesis and biology are poorly understood. In this study, we synthesized evidence from studies reporting associations for aging and smoking status in relation to rotator cuff disease.
DESIGN
A systematic review was performed using multiple databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Science Direct). Articles that met our eligibility criteria and presented data on the association between aging and/or smoking status and rotator cuff disease were included. We performed meta-analyses and reported cumulative effects using odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS
Of the 212 articles eligible for full-text review, seven studies reported on the relationship between aging and rotator cuff disease, and 10 studies reported on the relationship between smoking and rotator cuff disease. Aging was consistently associated with increased odds of having rotator cuff disease when assessed continuously (per 10-yr increase: odds ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.18-1.21) or categorically (ages <40 yrs vs: [a] 40-44 yrs [odds ratio = 2.71, 95% confidence interval = 1.78-4.13], [b] 45-49 yrs [odds ratio = 4.33, 95% confidence interval = 2.88-6.55], and [c] ≥50 yrs [odds ratio = 6.97, 95% confidence interval = 4.85-10.01]). Assessing studies that reported smoking status as current smokers versus nonsmokers, current smokers were more likely to have rotator cuff disease (odds ratio = 1.94, 95% confidence interval = 1.52-2.48). However, a statistically significant association was not found when never smokers were compared with former smokers (odds ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.97-1.20) and to current smokers (odds ratio = 0.97, 95% confidence interval = 0.87-1.07).
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, increasing age was a strong risk factor for rotator cuff disease. The finding that current smokers are more likely to have rotator cuff disease as compared with nonsmokers implies that cessation of smoking can potentially lead to mitigation of this risk factor.
Topics: Adult; Aging; Humans; Rotator Cuff; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Shoulder Pain; Smoking
PubMed: 34121068
DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001820 -
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European Journal of Pediatrics Mar 2019The risk factors for undescended testes in male infants and the underlying pathogenesis still remain unclear. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The risk factors for undescended testes in male infants and the underlying pathogenesis still remain unclear. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism. A systematic review was conducted using appropriate search terms to identify articles pertaining to maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism. Entries up to December 23, 2017 were taken into consideration, without any language or regional restriction. The crude ORs and their 95% CIs were computed by using the fixed-effect model. Twenty studies involving 111,712 infants were included in our meta-analysis. The risk of having a male infant with cryptorchidism was significantly different between mothers who smoked during pregnancy and those who did not (pooled crude OR 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.24, p < 0.00001).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of cryptorchidism by 1.18 times. Further investigations that are well-designed, multicentric studies measuring variables, such as the number of cigarettes smoked in a day and the stage of pregnancy during which the mothers smoked, are necessary to precisely determine the relationship between maternal smoking and risk of cryptorchidism. What is Known: • Preterm and low birth weight have been definitively shown to be risk factors for cryptorchidism. • The relationship between with maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism remains controversial all the time. What is New: • Mothers who smoked during pregnancy had a 1.18 times higher risk of having a child with cryptorchidism as compared to those who did not smoke. • Evidence has been found that maternal smoking during pregnancy is a definitive risk factor for cryptorchidism.
Topics: Cryptorchidism; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Behavior; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 30465272
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3293-9 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Nov 2014To assess the association between doctors' smoking status and the use of the '5As' of smoking cessation. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIMS
To assess the association between doctors' smoking status and the use of the '5As' of smoking cessation.
METHODS
A systematic search of 11 databases covering English and Spanish language publications since 1996 was undertaken. Studies were included if they reported doctors' smoking status (current, former or never smoker) and rates of practising any of the 5As of smoking cessation (Ask; Advise; Assess; Assist; and Arrange). Frequencies and proportions were extracted from individual papers and risk ratios (RR) were calculated. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to assess the effect of the doctor's personal smoking history. Covariate effects were explored using meta-regression for three pre-specified study characteristics: doctors' role, smoking prevalence of the sample and study quality.
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included in this systematic review. The RR of always asking patients about their smoking was not associated significantly with doctors' smoking status [RR = 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.94-1.02; P = 0.378; I(2) = 0.00%; 10 studies]. Meta-analysis suggested that doctors who were current smokers had a 17% increased risk of not advising their patients to quit compared with never-smokers (RR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.77-0.90; P < 0.000; I(2) = 82.14%; 14 studies). However, high levels of heterogeneity were found that were not explained by the meta-regression. Regarding assisting patients to quit, never smokers were more likely to counsel than current smokers (RR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.85-0.99; P = 0.036; I(2) = 0.00%; three studies) but less likely to make a referral (RR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.09-1.79; P = 0.009; I(2) = 0.00%; five studies). No statistically significant differences were found in arranging future contact by smoking status (RR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.52-1.23; P = 0.315; I(2) = 47.03%; four studies).
CONCLUSIONS
Smoking status of doctors may affect their delivery of smoking cessation treatments to patients, with smokers being less likely than non-smokers or ex-smokers to advise and counsel their patients to quit but more likely to refer them to smoking cessation programmes.
Topics: Humans; Physicians; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 25041084
DOI: 10.1111/add.12680 -
Eye (London, England) Sep 2007To evaluate the epidemiological evidence for a causal association between tobacco smoking and thyroid eye disease (TED). (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To evaluate the epidemiological evidence for a causal association between tobacco smoking and thyroid eye disease (TED).
METHODS
Systematic review, including quality assessment, of published epidemiological studies and evaluation of the evidence using established causality criteria.
RESULTS
Fourteen papers describing 15 studies were included. There was a positive association between smoking and TED in four case-control studies when compared with control patients with Graves' disease but no ophthalmopathy (odds ratio (OR) 1.94-10.1) and in seven case-control studies in which control subjects did not have thyroid disease (OR 1.22-20.2). Two cohort studies examined the occurrence of new cases of TED; one study found an increased incidence of TED with smoking. Four cohort studies investigated progression or outcome of treatment in patients with established TED, three finding an association between smoking and poorer outcome. The quality of the studies was variable, but the association with smoking was strong in the most methodologically rigorous studies. Other evidence supporting a causal link was a consistent association across studies, a dose-response effect, a reduced risk of TED in ex-smokers, and a temporal relationship.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review provided strong evidence for a causal association between smoking and development of TED. Current-smokers were also more likely to experience disease progression or poorer outcome of treatment. Patients with Graves' disease and the general public should be educated about the risk of smoking and TED. These findings suggest that patients with Graves' disease or TED who are smokers should be given effective support to stop smoking.
Topics: Disease Progression; Evidence-Based Medicine; Graves Ophthalmopathy; Humans; Prognosis; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 16980921
DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702603 -
Archives of Women's Mental Health Dec 2022The increased number of female smokers is considered a global health challenge in recent years. One of the detrimental effects of smoking is sexual hormone fluctuation... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The increased number of female smokers is considered a global health challenge in recent years. One of the detrimental effects of smoking is sexual hormone fluctuation causing female sexual dysfunction (FSD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of smoking leading to FSD. Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) were hired for systematic searching. Until June 2022, whole qualified studies reporting the consequences of smoking on FSD were gathered for data analysis based on the random effects model (CMA software, v.2). Study heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed using I index and Egger test, respectively. Ten eligible studies with a sample size of 15,334 female smokers (18-79 years) were selected. Following data analysis, the odds ratio representing the effects of smoking on FSD was found 1.48 (95%CI: 1.2-1.83), indicating that female smokers were 48% more susceptible to FSD than non-smokers. Also, the publication bias was reported as non-significant (p = 0.178). Since smoking is an increasingly common phenomenon in females and women smokers are 48% more susceptible to the FSD, preparation of necessary health measures by the health policymakers to reduce the number of female smokers and subsequent health services seems necessary.
Topics: Female; Humans; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Smoking; Sexual Behavior; Global Health
PubMed: 36445469
DOI: 10.1007/s00737-022-01281-1 -
Lancet (London, England) Nov 2023Homelessness overlapping with substance use and offending is described as severe and multiple disadvantage (SMD). People experiencing SMD have poor oral health along...
Interventions to improve oral health and related health behaviours of substance use, smoking, and diet in people with severe and multiple disadvantage: a systematic review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.
BACKGROUND
Homelessness overlapping with substance use and offending is described as severe and multiple disadvantage (SMD). People experiencing SMD have poor oral health along with high levels of related behaviours such as substance use, smoking, and poor diet. Existing evidence largely describes the prevalence of oral health problems, substance use, and smoking in SMD groups. Little is known about interventions that can address these conditions in SMD groups. We aimed to review the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions on oral health and related health behaviours in adults experiencing SMD.
METHODS
For this systematic review, we searched bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EBSCO, Scopus) and grey literature for papers published from inception to February 2023. Two researchers independently reviewed the searches. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), comparative studies and economic evaluations were included. Risk of bias was assessed. Population included adults experiencing SMD (including homelessness and substance use or repeat offending). Outcomes included oral health, and related behaviours (substance use, smoking, poor diet). Results were narratively synthesised. This review was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020202416.
FINDINGS
The review included 38 studies (published between 1991 and 2023), with 34 reporting effectiveness. These studies comprised of 23 RCTs and 11 quasi-experimental studies conducted in the USA (25 studies), Canada (seven studies), France (one study), and Spain (one study). The interventions involving multiple components, such as housing services with substance use and mental health support, effectively reduced substance use in SMD groups; these were mostly individual-level interventions. However, these studies had short follow-up periods and high attrition rates. Only one study addressed oral health outcomes, none focused on diet, and three RCTs covered smoking, with one intervention showing smoking abstinence at 4 weeks. Some limited evidence suggested cost-effectiveness of substance use interventions.
INTERPRETATION
This review found that integrating services such as housing with other health-care services together could be effective in improving health behaviours, especially substance use among SMD groups. More evidence is needed specifically on oral health, smoking, and diet-related interventions. The generalisability of findings of this review is limited to high-income countries and shorter-term outcomes.
FUNDING
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Oral Health; Diet; Substance-Related Disorders; Health Behavior; Smoking
PubMed: 37997101
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02151-7 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Jul 2013Craving is often portrayed as a defining feature of addiction, but the role of craving in the addictive process is controversial. Particularly contentious is the extent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Craving is often portrayed as a defining feature of addiction, but the role of craving in the addictive process is controversial. Particularly contentious is the extent to which drug craving predicts subsequent relapse.
METHODS
This review synthesizes findings from 62 smoking cessation studies published through December 2011. Eligible studies measured craving for cigarettes in treatment-seeking smokers and related this to subsequent smoking status. The relationships of general craving and cue-specific craving with treatment outcome were examined separately. Further, analyses that related general craving to smoking status were divided into those that used craving data collected before the quit attempt, after the quit attempt, and those that used change in craving over time as a predictor.
RESULTS
Results across studies revealed a total of 198 indices of association with 94 (47%) of these being significant. In general, the findings indicated (a) there were only a few cases of significant associations between craving collected as part of cue-reactivity studies and treatment outcome, (b) postquit craving was a stronger predictor of treatment outcome than prequit craving, and (c) several moderators likely influence the relationship between craving and cessation outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
The overall results suggest that craving is not a necessary condition of relapse. In addition, inconsistent relationships between craving and treatment outcome call into question the value of craving as a target of treatment and underscore limitations in the prognostic utility of craving.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Behavior, Addictive; Cues; Humans; Middle Aged; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 23291636
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts268 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health Oct 2018This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of current smoking among medical students in mainland China through a systematic search across 6 electronic databases for... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of current smoking among medical students in mainland China through a systematic search across 6 electronic databases for English or Chinese studies published before May 25, 2018. A total of 79 studies were included; 26 had a high risk of bias. The overall pooled prevalence of current smoking was 10.93% (7460/68 253; 95% confidence interval = 0.09%, 13.08%, I = 98.6%). This study found a decreasing prevalence of current smoking over the period studied (survey year range of 1988-2014). More specifically, the current smoking prevalence in males decreased progressively across time, while the prevalence in females remained relatively constant. The overall prevalence in the west was higher than in the middle or east of mainland China ( P = .0061). The overall prevalence of current smoking increased with year in school ( P = .0028). The present study provides a comprehensive synthesis of current smoking prevalence among medical students in mainland China. Although there have been some improvements in the status of tobacco use among medical students, given the leading role of physicians in tobacco control, sustained efforts are needed to curb the tobacco epidemic among medical students.
Topics: China; Humans; Prevalence; Smoking; Students, Medical
PubMed: 30256673
DOI: 10.1177/1010539518800339 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Sep 2016To determine the effectiveness and safety of varenicline in treating tobacco dependence in patients with severe mental illness. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIMS
To determine the effectiveness and safety of varenicline in treating tobacco dependence in patients with severe mental illness.
DESIGN
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials that compared varenicline with a placebo or an alternative intervention for smoking cessation or reduction.
SETTING
Both in- and out-patient settings in any country.
PARTICIPANTS
Adult patients aged 18 years and over with any type of severe mental illness. The systematic review included eight studies comprising 398 participants.
MEASURES
Primary outcome measures were (1) smoking cessation, (2) smoking reduction measured by changes in the number of cigarettes smoked per day and (3) number of psychiatric adverse events, which were collected at the end of treatment.
FINDINGS
The random-effect pooled estimates from the five studies that reported smoking-related outcomes found that varenicline is statistically superior to placebo in smoking cessation [risk ratios 4.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.96-9.56], and smoking reduction was higher in varenicline groups (mean reduced daily cigarettes was 6.39; 95% CI = 2.22-10.56). There is no significant difference regarding neuropsychiatric and other adverse events.
CONCLUSIONS
Varenicline appears to be significantly more effective than placebo in assisting with smoking cessation and reduction in people with severe mental illness. There appears to be no clear evidence that varenicline was associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric or other adverse events compared with placebo.
Topics: Comorbidity; Humans; Mental Disorders; Nicotinic Agonists; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoking; Varenicline
PubMed: 27043328
DOI: 10.1111/add.13415