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International Journal of Cancer Jun 2016Only three helminths (Schistosoma haematobium, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis) are directly associated with carcinogenesis in humans whereas the role of... (Review)
Review
Only three helminths (Schistosoma haematobium, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis) are directly associated with carcinogenesis in humans whereas the role of other parasites in cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to perform a systematic review to identify recent insights in the role of other parasite infections in carcinogenesis. We conducted systematic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE on July 2015. Our primary outcome was the association between parasitic infections and carcinogenesis. Out of 1,266 studies, 19 were selected for detailed evaluation (eight for helminths and 11 for protozoa). The mechanisms of helminth-induced cancer included chronic inflammation, sustained proliferation, modulation of the host immune system, reprogramming of glucose metabolism and redox signaling, induction of genomic instability and destabilization of suppressor tumor proteins, stimulation of angiogenesis, resisting cell death, and activation of invasion and metastasis. In addition to the current knowledge, the following parasites were found in cancers or tumors: Echinococcus, Strongyloides, Fasciola, Heterakis, Platynosomum and Trichuris. Additional parasites were found in this systematic review that could potentially be associated with cancers or tumors but further evidence is needed to elaborate a cause-effect relationship.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Clonorchiasis; Humans; Neoplasms; Opisthorchiasis
PubMed: 26840624
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30028 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Aug 2021Strongyloidiasis is a disease of great public health significance, caused by the parasitic nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Strongyloidiasis is a disease of great public health significance, caused by the parasitic nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, and Strongyloides fuelleborni subsp. kellyi. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Peru.
METHODS
The review was based on a literature search in PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar using the key words or root words "strongyl*" AND "Peru" on 15 July 2020. Eligible studies were published from 1 January 1981 to 15 July 2020 and written in English, Spanish, Italian, or French.
RESULTS
We included 21 papers in the analysis. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of study population and diagnostic methods (e.g. Baermann technique, agar, Dancescu or charcoal cultures, serology, string capsule). Prevalence of S. stercoralis ranged from 0.3 to 45%. The pooled proportion of Strongyloides in the general population was 7.34% (95% CI 4.97 to 10.13%). Half the studies were designed to detect parasites in general. In studies designed to detect S. stercoralis, the most widely used diagnostic method was the Baermann technique.
CONCLUSION
Prevalence of S. stercoralis in Peru was high but varied by geographic area, techniques for stool examination, and participant characteristics.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Humans; Peru; Prevalence; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 34348671
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06441-9 -
BioMed Research International 2020is an intestinal parasitic infection mainly caused by . Although it is a predominant parasite in tropics and subtropics where sanitation and hygiene are poorly... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
is an intestinal parasitic infection mainly caused by . Although it is a predominant parasite in tropics and subtropics where sanitation and hygiene are poorly practiced, the true prevalence of s is not known due to low-sensitivity diagnostic methods.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at determining the pooled prevalence of s in African countries, stratified by diagnostic methods, study settings, and patients.
METHODS
Cross-sectional studies on strongyloidiasis published in African countries from the year 2008 up to 2018 in PubMed and Google Scholar databases and which reported at least one spp. infection were included. Identification and screening of eligible articles were also done. Articles whose focus was on in animals, soil, and foreigners infected by spp. in Africa were excluded. The random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of s across African countries as well as by diagnostic methods and study settings. The heterogeneity between studies was also computed.
RESULT
A total of 82 studies were included. The overall pooled prevalence of s was 2.7%. By individual techniques, the pooled prevalence of strongyloidiasis was 0.4%, 1.0%, 3.4%, 9.3%, 9.6%, and 19.4% by the respective direct saline microscopy, Kato-Katz, formol ether concentration, polymerase chain reaction, Baermann concentration, and culture diagnostic techniques. The prevalence rates of strongyloidiasis among rural community, school, and health institution studies were 6.8%, 6.4%, and 0.9%, respectively. The variation on the effect size comparing African countries, diagnostic methods, study settings, and patients was significant ( ≤ 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
This review shows that strongyloidiasis is overlooked and its prevalence is estimated to be low in Africa due to the use of diagnostic methods with low sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need for using a combination of appropriate diagnostic methods to approach the actual rates in Africa.
Topics: Africa; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Humans; Prevalence; Publications; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 33274200
DOI: 10.1155/2020/2868564 -
Tropical Biomedicine Mar 2023Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in elephants have been reported in several studies over the last decades. Nonetheless, comprehensive data on clinicopathology of...
Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in elephants have been reported in several studies over the last decades. Nonetheless, comprehensive data on clinicopathology of elephant GIPs, parasite burden threshold value, and the effectiveness of conventional anthelmintic drugs are still lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the available knowledge on elephant GIPs identified among different parts of the world based on their prevalence, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Two electronic databases were searched for publications that met the inclusion criteria. About19 English journal articles published between year of 2011- 2021 were included. The main GIPs reported in elephants were Cyathostomidae (at least 14 species), Ancylostomidae, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Oesophagostomum aceleatum, Ascarids, Trichurids, Strongyloides, Anophlocephalidae, flukes, and Coccidia across different parts of the world, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. Most elephants show no clinical signs until the equilibrium between parasite and host is disturbed. The common diagnostic methods for GIPs are traditional direct smear, faecal floatation, sedimentation, and McMaster egg counting technique, all involving morphological identification. However, some articles described the use of molecular detection to characterise common GIPs of elephants. Although benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones group of anthelmintic are the most conventional GIPs treatment and control for captive and semi-captive elephants, there is limited data on the threshold value of faecal egg count as the baseline for treatment decision. Over the last decades, various studies regarding elephant GIPs have been conducted. However, more focused and systematic studies are required to enhance our knowledge in multiple aspects of elephant parasitology to find effective solutions and improve elephant health.
Topics: Animals; Elephants; Parasites; Feces; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Anthelmintics
PubMed: 37356004
DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.1.012 -
Helminthologia Mar 2021is a helminthic intestinal parasite that causes the disease strongyloidiasis. Its prevalence is high in tropics and sub-tropics due to poor sanitation and hygiene....
is a helminthic intestinal parasite that causes the disease strongyloidiasis. Its prevalence is high in tropics and sub-tropics due to poor sanitation and hygiene. However, its true prevalence is not well known in Ethiopia as most health institutions use low sensitive diagnostic methods. This review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of at country, and regional state levels. Papers published on in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2020 were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar and Science direct databases and Addis Ababa repository. Identification, screening, checking the eligibility, and inclusion of the relevant literatures were done. Articles with positive results from Ethiopian populations were included. Articles which focused on infection in foreigners, and other than stool samples were excluded. The pooled prevalence of and heterogeneity between studies and across regions were computed. From the 43 articles, the overall prevalence of in Ethiopia was 1.82 %. Across regions, relatively high prevalence of (8.78 %) was recorded in Addis Ababa city. High prevalence of was found to be 44.02 % with a combination of formol ether concentration, Baermann concentration, and molecular methods. Low prevalence of 0.26 %, 0.31 %, and 1.20 % was evidenced respectively with Kato-Katz, direct saline microscopy, and formol ether concentration methods. Using random effect analysis, the pooled prevalence of in Ethiopia, across regions and across diagnostic methods was 2.1 % (95 %CI: 1.20 - 3.60), 2.6 % (95 %CI: 0.80 - 8.20) and 3.7 % (95 %CI: 1.10 - 11.70), respectively. The heterogeneity was high (). This review revealed that infection is probably underreported and its prevalence could be higher than the reported in Ethiopia. Therefore, a revision of the best combination of diagnostic methods could be advisable as it gives better diagnostic results in routine diagnosis of infection in Ethiopia.
PubMed: 33664615
DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0010 -
Infectious Diseases of Poverty Jul 2018Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections still remain a notable health problem in resource-limited countries due to difficulties in the implementation of control... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections still remain a notable health problem in resource-limited countries due to difficulties in the implementation of control measures. In Nigeria for instance, despite several community-based and provincial reports, national data on prevalence, burdens and risk zones (RZs) for STH infections are lacking.
METHODS
The present study employed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to determine the prevalence, distribution and RZs for STH infections among Nigerian children through a meta-analysis of data published between 1980 and 2015. Pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) was determined by the random-effects model while heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran's Q-test.
RESULTS
A total of 18 901 of the 34 518 Nigerian children aged 0-17 years examined across 19 Nigerian states during the period under review were infected with one or more species of STHs. The overall PPE for STH infections was 54.8% (95% CI: 54.2-55.3). PPEs for sub-groups ranged between 13.2% (95% CI: 11.5-15.1) and 80.9% (95% CI: 80.0-81.7). Highest PPEs for STH infections were observed among children within community settings (59.0%, 95% CI: 57.7-60.4) and school-aged children (54.9%, 95% CI: 54.3-55.5). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent species (44.6%, 95% CI: 44.0-45.2). Over 36% (15/41) of the studies were published from south-western Nigeria. South-western region was the only high risk zone (HRZ) for STH infections while the rest of the regions were low risk zones (LRZs).
CONCLUSIONS
STH infections involving Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms are highly prevalent across Nigeria. Strategic use of anthelmintics, health education and adequate sanitation, taking into account this epidemiologic information will help in the control of these infections in Nigeria.
Topics: Animals; Child Health; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Humans; Nigeria; Prevalence; Soil
PubMed: 29983115
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0451-2 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Nov 2021The clinical and laboratory characterization of Strongyloides stercoralis infection at diagnosis and after treatment is still poorly defined. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The clinical and laboratory characterization of Strongyloides stercoralis infection at diagnosis and after treatment is still poorly defined.
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective was to describe the pattern and frequency of clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with S. stercoralis infection. The secondary objectives were (a) comparison of characteristics reported in endemic versus non-endemic areas; and (b) the evaluation of the resolution of identified characteristics after treatment.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS and CENTRAL up to May 2021. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the treatment of S. stercoralis infection and prospective observational studies reporting data on symptoms caused by strongyloidiasis in individuals diagnosed with a highly specific test. Quality assessment was performed to assess the risk of bias. Demographic and clinical data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Meta-analysis was done by pooling the proportion of participants with symptoms with random effects model.
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included: nine RCTs and 13 observational studies. Overall, symptoms were reported in 50.4% cases (95% CI 47.6-53.1), and were more often reported in non-endemic (58.6%, 95% CI 55.0-62.2) than in endemic (35.7%, 95% CI 31.4-39.9) areas. The removal of an article of lower quality did not impact on figures. Frequency of symptoms tended to reduce after treatment. Three studies reported the proportion of participants with eosinophilia before and after treatment: 76.9% of participants (95% CI 73.4-80.4) had eosinophilia at diagnosis, reducing to 27.4% (95% CI 24.0-30.7) after treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
About half of infected people complain at least of one symptom and almost 70% have eosinophilia. The frequency of symptoms and eosinophilia decreased after treatment, though the association with cure is not clearly defined. Providing relief from symptoms and eosinophilia is another reason, in addition to prevention of disseminated disease, for promoting screening and treatment of individuals with strongyloidiasis.
Topics: Animals; Eosinophilia; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 34325063
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.016 -
Journal of Helminthology Feb 2022Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasitic helminth that mainly affects humans and dogs throughout the world. Canine strongyloidosis is generally characterized... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasitic helminth that mainly affects humans and dogs throughout the world. Canine strongyloidosis is generally characterized by asymptomatic infection, with fatal disease in cases of immunodeficiency. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs. Six electronic databases were searched for this purpose. The random effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were applied to determine the overall and subgroup pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. In total, 56 datasets from 50 studies from 1,202 peer-reviewed papers were included in the current meta-analysis. 20,627 dogs were assessed in 27 countries across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The global prevalence of S. stercoralis infection among dogs was 6% (95% CI 4-8%; 868/20,627). According to WHO regions, the estimated prevalence ranges 2% to 11% as follows: Western Pacific (11%, 0-31%); Africa (9%, 2-19%); America (6%, 3-11%); South-East Asia (5%, 1-13%)' Europe (3%, 2-5%); and Eastern Mediterranean (2%, 0-6%). The pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in dog owners was 7% (1-18%). The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in studies based on serological assays was significantly higher than other techniques (29%, 20-39%). Younger female dogs, less than one year old, from rural areas had higher prevalence rates than their male counterparts, with no statistically significant differences. From this review, it is concluded that the low global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs may be strongly associated with low sensitivity diagnostic methods applied in most studies leading to the underestimation of infection rates. Therefore, the improvement of diagnostic techniques is recommended for precise evaluation of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Feces; Female; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Parasites; Prevalence; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 35184771
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X21000808 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... Feb 2022Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. The current study evaluated the prevalence of Strongyloides... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. The current study evaluated the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients in Iran. The available online literature published from June 1994 to October 2020 was obtained from multiple English databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) and four Persian databases (Magiran, Iran Medex, Iran Doc and SID). All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 3.6) meta-package and p-values <0.05 were considered significant. From 1051 articles, 74 studies (248 656 individuals) met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis was 2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1 to 3) and 4% (95% CI 1 to 8) in immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients, respectively. In immunodeficient cases, the pooled prevalence of studies utilizing serology, culture and microscopic methods was 10% (95% CI 2 to 23), 1% (95% CI 0 to 6) and 1% (95% CI 0 to 1), respectively. In immunocompetent cases, the pooled prevalence of studies utilizing microscopic, culture and molecular methods was 2% (95% CI 1 to 3), 2% (95% CI 1 to 4) and 2% (95% CI 0 to 6), respectively. We propose an appropriate screening and control program along with comprehensive research regarding the frequency of strongyloidiasis in the country.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Iran; Neglected Diseases; Prevalence; Strongyloides stercoralis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 34302179
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab104 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2022The distribution of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) overlaps with that of . infection has been reported to be impacted by co-infection with HTLV-1....
BACKGROUND
The distribution of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) overlaps with that of . infection has been reported to be impacted by co-infection with HTLV-1. Disseminated strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection syndrome, which are commonly fatal, are observed in HTLV-1 co-infected patients. Reduced efficacy of anti-strongyloidiasis treatment in HTLV-1 carriers has been reported. The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review is to better understand the association between HTLV-1 and infection.
METHODS
PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Global Health, Healthcare Management Information Consortium databases were searched. Studies regarding the prevalence of , those evaluating the frequency of mild or severe strongyloidiasis, and treatment response in people living with and without HTLV-1 infection were included. Data were extracted and odds ratios were calculated. Random-effect meta-analysis was used to assess the pooled OR and 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies were included after full-text reviewing of which seven described the prevalence of and HTLV-1. The odds of infection were higher in HTLV-1 carriers when compared with HTLV-1 seronegative subjects (OR 3.2 95%CI 1.7-6.2). A strong association was found between severe strongyloidiasis and HTLV-1 infection (OR 59.9, 95%CI 18.1-198). Co-infection with HTLV-1 was associated with a higher rate of strongyloidiasis treatment failure (OR 5.05, 95%CI 2.5-10.1).
CONCLUSION
infection is more prevalent in people living with HTLV-1. Co-infected patients are more likely to develop severe presentation and to fail treatment. Screening for HTLV-1 and sp. should be routine when either is diagnosed.
PubMed: 35237633
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.832430