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Comparative Immunology, Microbiology... Oct 2003Vaccine approaches against AIDS have focused on inducing cellular immune responses, since many studies revealed the role of T cell responses in the control of human... (Review)
Review
Vaccine approaches against AIDS have focused on inducing cellular immune responses, since many studies revealed the role of T cell responses in the control of human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. The experimental infection of rhesus macaques with SIV or chimeric SHIV is routinely used as a model for AIDS. In such models, DNA immunization is a tool to elicit specific T cell responses and to study their protective efficacy. DNA immunogenicity in primates depends on parameters such as level of antigen expression, choice of the antigen among SIV proteins, use of fusion proteins, route of immunization, and addition of adjuvants. Recent results suggest that priming with DNA and boosting with attenuated recombinant viral vectors, each expressing corresponding SIV antigens, leads to improved specific immunity and, in some cases, affords protection against pathogenic challenge. After preclinical evaluations, DNA has entered clinical trials for a therapeutic or prophylactic gene-based AIDS vaccine.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; HIV; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Vaccines, DNA
PubMed: 12818622
DOI: 10.1016/S0147-9571(03)00020-1 -
Springer Seminars in Immunopathology Nov 2006The need for an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine is imperative to halt a pandemic that involves more than 40 million individuals worldwide as of 2005 and is causing enormous... (Review)
Review
The need for an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine is imperative to halt a pandemic that involves more than 40 million individuals worldwide as of 2005 and is causing enormous socio-economic losses, especially in developing countries (DC). The overall failure of more than two decades of HIV vaccine research justifies the demands for a concerted effort for the rapid development of new and efficacious vaccines against HIV/AIDS. In this context, building international collaborative networks is a must for speeding up scientific research and optimizing the use of funding in a synergistic fashion, as resources for HIV/AIDS are limited and do not involve most of the biggest Pharmas that are more interested in drug discovery. The AIDS Vaccine Integrated Project (AVIP) consortium is an example of synergistic partnership of international European Union and DC experts with a common research goal. AVIP is a European Commission-funded (FP-6), consortium-based, 5-year program directed to the fast development of new HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates to be tested in phase I clinical trials in Europe for future advancement to phase II/III testing in DC. To ensure their rapid development, AVIP novel combined vaccines include both regulatory and structural HIV antigens, which have already been tested, as single components, in phase I clinical trials. In particular, such combination vaccines may be superior to earlier vaccine candidates, the vast majority of which are based only on either structural or regulatory HIV products. In fact, the generation of immune responses to both types of viral antigens expressed either early (regulatory products) or late (structural products) during the viral life cycle can maximize immune targeting of both primary or chronic viral infection. Further, the rational design of combined vaccines allows exploitation of immunomodulatory functions of HIV regulatory proteins, which can improve immunity against structural vaccine components. The building of the AVIP consortium and its scientific strategy will be reviewed in this paper as an example of the establishment of a consortium regulated by a specific intellectual property agreement.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Developing Countries; European Union; HIV Antigens; HIV Infections; Humans; International Cooperation; South Africa; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 16983452
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0026-3 -
Current Drug Targets. Infectious... Jun 2005Since the discovery of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) causing AIDS-like diseases in Asian macaques, non-human primates (NHP) have played an important role in AIDS... (Review)
Review
Since the discovery of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) causing AIDS-like diseases in Asian macaques, non-human primates (NHP) have played an important role in AIDS vaccine research. A multitude of vaccines and immunization approaches have been evaluated, including live attenuated viruses, DNA vaccines, viral and bacterial vectors, subunit proteins, and combinations thereof. Depending on the particular vaccine and model used, varying degrees of protection have been achieved, including prevention of infection, reduction of viral load, and amelioration of disease. In a few instances, potential safety concerns and vaccine-enhanced pathogenicity have also been noted. In the past decade, sophisticated methodologies have been developed to define the mechanisms of protective immunity. However, a clear road map for HIV vaccine development has yet to emerge. This is in part because of the intrinsic nature of the surrogate model and in part because of the improbability of any single model to fully capture the complex interactions of natural HIV infection in humans. The lack of standardization, the limited models available, and the incomplete understanding of the immunobiology of NHP contribute to the difficulty to extrapolate findings from such models to HIV vaccine development. Until efficacy data become available from studies of parallel vaccine concepts in humans and macaques, the predictive value of any NHP model remains unknown. Towards this end, greater appreciation of the utility and limitations of the NHP model and further developments to better mimic HIV infection in humans will likely help inform future AIDS vaccine efforts.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Animals; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Models, Animal; Primates; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
PubMed: 15975024
DOI: 10.2174/1568005054201508 -
Cell Host & Microbe Mar 2016Development of an effective AIDS vaccine is a global priority. However, the extreme diversity of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), which is a consequence of its propensity to mutate... (Review)
Review
Development of an effective AIDS vaccine is a global priority. However, the extreme diversity of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), which is a consequence of its propensity to mutate to escape immune responses, along with host factors that prevent the elicitation of protective immune responses, continue to hinder vaccine development. Breakthroughs in understanding of the biology of the transmitted virus, the structure and nature of its envelope trimer, vaccine-induced CD8 T cell control in primates, and host control of broadly neutralizing antibody elicitation have given rise to new vaccine strategies. Despite this promise, emerging data from preclinical trials reinforce the need for additional insight into virus-host biology in order to facilitate the development of a successful vaccine.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Drug Discovery; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; HIV Antibodies; HIV-1; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Primates; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26922989
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.002 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2012Natural transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs through gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa. These mucosal tissues are major reservoirs for... (Review)
Review
Natural transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs through gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa. These mucosal tissues are major reservoirs for initial HIV replication and amplification, and the sites of rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion. In both HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected macaques, massive loss of CD4(+) CCR5(+) memory T cells occurs in the gut and vaginal mucosa within the first 10-14 days of infection. Induction of local HIV-specific immune responses by vaccines may facilitate effective control of HIV or SIV replication at these sites. Vaccines that induce mucosal responses, in particular CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), have controlled viral replication at mucosal sites and curtailed systemic dissemination. Thus, there is strong justification for development of next generation vaccines that induce mucosal immune effectors against HIV-1 including CD8(+) CTL, CD4(+) T helper cells and secretory IgA. In addition, further understanding of local innate mechanisms that impact early viral replication will greatly inform future vaccine development. In this review, we examine the current knowledge concerning mucosal AIDS vaccine development. Moreover, we propose immunization strategies that may be able to elicit an effective immune response that can protect against AIDS as well as other mucosal infections.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Animals; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 21203884
DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_119 -
Nanomedicine (London, England) Mar 2017The development of a successful vaccine against HIV is a major global challenge. Antiretroviral therapy is the standard treatment against HIV-1 infection. However, only... (Review)
Review
The development of a successful vaccine against HIV is a major global challenge. Antiretroviral therapy is the standard treatment against HIV-1 infection. However, only 46% of the eligible people received the therapy in 2015. Furthermore, suboptimal adherence poses additional obstacles. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an HIV-1 vaccine. The most promising clinical trial to date is Phase III RV144, which for the first time demonstrated the feasibility of vaccine-mediated immune protection against HIV-1. Nevertheless, its 31% efficacy and limited durability underscore major hurdles. Here, we discuss recent progress in HIV-1 vaccine development with a special emphasis on nanovaccines, which are at the forefront of efforts to develop a successful HIV-1 vaccine.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 28244816
DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0381 -
Vaccine Feb 2001Current expansion of AIDS pandemic significantly accelerates AIDS vaccine research resulting in development and clinical testing of several AIDS vaccine candidates. At... (Review)
Review
Current expansion of AIDS pandemic significantly accelerates AIDS vaccine research resulting in development and clinical testing of several AIDS vaccine candidates. At the same time, available experimental and clinical data demonstrate that current AIDS vaccine strategy is unsuccessful resulting in development of inefficient and harmful vaccines. This overview briefly summarizes reported results which point out the requirement for moratorium on the current clinical trials of HIV-1 gp120/160 vaccines and urgent need for development of a new, efficient and safe AIDS vaccine strategy.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Outbreaks; Gene Rearrangement; HIV Envelope Protein gp120; HIV-1; Humans; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 11228354
DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00194-8 -
Indian Journal of Medical Ethics 2007
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Benchmarking; Clinical Trials as Topic; Community Participation; Human Experimentation; Humans; India; Informed Consent; Patient Selection; Politics
PubMed: 18630210
DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2007.001 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2022Despite recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) prevention, a fast, safe, and effective vaccine will probably be necessary to end the HIV/AIDS...
BACKGROUND
Despite recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) prevention, a fast, safe, and effective vaccine will probably be necessary to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This study was conducted to evaluate global research trends and map the key bibliometric indices in HIV-1 genetic diversity from 1998 to 2021.
METHODS
A comprehensive online search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database to retrieve published literature on HIV-1 genetic diversity. Key bibliometric indicators were calculated and evaluated using HistCite, Bibliometrix: An R-tool, and VOSviewer software for windows.
RESULTS
A total of 2,060 documents written by 9,201 authors and published in 250 journals were included in the final analysis. Year 2012 was the most productive year with 121 (5.87%) publications. The most prolific author was Shao Yiming (n = 74, 3.59%) from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The United States of America was the highly contributing and influential country (n = 681, 33.05%). was the most productive journal (n = 562, 27.2%). Network visualization shows that HIV-1 was the most widely used author keyword.
CONCLUSION
This study provides global research trends and detailed information on HIV-1 genetic diversity. The amount of scientific literature on HIV-1 genetic diversity research has rapidly increased in the last two decades. The maximum number of articles on HIV-1 genetic diversity was published in developed countries; therefore, a scientific research collaboration among researchers and institutes in low-income countries should be promoted and supported.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Bibliometrics; Genetic Variation; HIV-1; Humans; Retrospective Studies; United States
PubMed: 35016590
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2014733 -
AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 1994There is an urgent need for a prophylactic vaccine to protect individuals from AIDS and to help abate the growing epidemic. In October 1993, the Conference on Advances... (Review)
Review
There is an urgent need for a prophylactic vaccine to protect individuals from AIDS and to help abate the growing epidemic. In October 1993, the Conference on Advances in AIDS Vaccine Development reviewed the state-of-the-art in vaccine research and confirmed both the progress that has been made and the challenges that remain. Approximately 12 candidate vaccines are now in phase I/II clinical trials. To date, these products appear to be safe and capable of eliciting immune responses in vaccinees. Other vaccine strategies in development include the use of new formulations and the design of vaccine products capable of inducing a mucosal immune response. Progress has also been made in the establishment of domestic and international sites at which efficacy trials can be conducted when appropriate vaccine candidates are identified, and preparatory activities at these sites are ongoing. The possibility that one or more candidates may enter efficacy trials within the next 2 years underscores numerous issues that must be considered in preparation for these trials. These include the importance of ease of vaccine administration and cost, and an array of social, legal, and ethical issues of concern to those individuals who will be asked to participate in efficacy trials. The purpose of this article is to highlight recent advances in vaccine research and development and to define the complex factors that will impact the NIAID's position on advancing candidates into phase III trials.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; HIV Infections; Humans; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Research; Safety; United States
PubMed: 7865330
DOI: No ID Found