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International Journal of Pharmaceutics Jan 2019It was previously demonstrated that the loss of infectivity of a myovirus PEV44 after jet nebulization was closely related to a change in bacteriophage (phage)...
It was previously demonstrated that the loss of infectivity of a myovirus PEV44 after jet nebulization was closely related to a change in bacteriophage (phage) structure. In this follow-up study, we further examined the impact of jet nebulization on tailed phages, which constitute 96% of all known phages, from three different families, Podoviridae (PEV2), Myoviridae (PEV40) andSiphoviridae (D29). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified major changes in phage structures after jet nebulization, correlating with their loss of infectivity. For the podovirus PEV2, jet nebulization had a negligible impact on its activity (0.04 log pfu/mL loss) and structural change. On the other hand, the proportion of intact phages in the nebulized samples dropped from 50% to ∼27% for PEV40 and from 15% to ∼2% for D29. Phage deactivation of PEV40 measured by the TEM structural damage (0.52 log pfu/mL) was lower than that obtained by plaque assay (1.02 log pfu/mL), but within the range of variation (±0.5 log pfu/mL). However, TEM quantification considerably underestimated the titer reduction of D29 phage, ∼2 log pfu/mL lower than that obtained in plaque assay (3.25 log pfu/mL loss). In conclusion, nebulization-induced titre loss was correlated with morphological damage to phages and in particular, the tail length may be an important consideration for selection of phages in inhaled therapy using jet nebulization.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Myoviridae; Nebulizers and Vaporizers; Podoviridae; Siphoviridae
PubMed: 30445174
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.026 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophages have many applications in biomedical sciences, especially in the development of candidate vaccines against viral... (Review)
Review
Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophages have many applications in biomedical sciences, especially in the development of candidate vaccines against viral and bacterial infections. Bacteriophage VLPs can be manufactured cheaply and in large quantities in bacteria compared to eukaryotic expression systems. In addition to this, bacteriophage VLPs are excellent platforms for vaccine design for the following reason: Humans do not have preexisting antibodies against bacteriophage VLPs. Thus, antigens displayed on bacteriophage VLP platforms are expected to be highly immunogenic. As such, VLPs derived from MS2, PP7, Qβ, AP205, P22 bacteriophages, etc. have been used to develop candidate vaccines against human infectious and noninfectious agents. This mini-review summarizes data from some of the candidate bacteriophage-based VLP peptide vaccines that have been developed. The review also highlights some strategies used to develop the candidate bacteriophage-based VLP peptide vaccines.
Topics: Humans; Bacteriophages; Bacteriophage P22; Vaccine Development; Antibodies; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 37966612
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3549-0_24 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2009Phage typing is a rapid, economical, reliable, and reproducible technique, requiring no specialized equipment, for fingerprinting disease-causing agents for...
Phage typing is a rapid, economical, reliable, and reproducible technique, requiring no specialized equipment, for fingerprinting disease-causing agents for epidemiological investigation and surveillance.
Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Bacteriophages; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 19082563
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-565-1_17 -
Current Microbiology Jul 2017The genomes of the type B3 bacteriophages that infect Caulobacter crescentus are among the largest phage genomes thus far deposited into GenBank with sizes over 200 kb....
The genomes of the type B3 bacteriophages that infect Caulobacter crescentus are among the largest phage genomes thus far deposited into GenBank with sizes over 200 kb. In this study, we introduce six new bacteriophage genomes which were obtained from phage collected from various water systems in the southeastern United States and from tropical locations across the globe. A comparative analysis of the 12 available genomes revealed a "core genome" which accounts for roughly 1/3 of these bacteriophage genomes and is predominately localized to the head, tail, and lysis gene regions. Despite being isolated from geographically distinct locations, the genomes of these bacteriophages are highly conserved in both genome sequence and gene order. We also identified the insertions, deletions, translocations, and horizontal gene transfer events which are responsible for the genomic diversity of this group of bacteriophages and demonstrated that these changes are not consistent with the idea that modular reassortment of genomes occurs in this group of bacteriophages.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Base Sequence; Caulobacter crescentus; Gene Order; Genome, Viral; Genomics
PubMed: 28393265
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1248-4 -
Future Microbiology Jun 2017
Topics: Bacteriophage lambda; Bacteriophages; DNA Viruses; Microbial Interactions; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Viruses
PubMed: 28604103
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0048 -
Poultry Science Jun 2017This study evaluated the effectiveness of bacteriophage treatment for reducing Salmonella attachment and biofilms on hard surfaces. Bacteriophages (n = 6) were selected...
This study evaluated the effectiveness of bacteriophage treatment for reducing Salmonella attachment and biofilms on hard surfaces. Bacteriophages (n = 6) were selected for bacteriophage treatment based on host ranges against Salmonella isolates (n = 10) obtained from rendering plants. The effectiveness of bacteriophage treatment (104-108 PFU/mL) was initially evaluated against strong Salmonella biofilm formers in 96-well microplate. Then, the bacteriophage treatment (109 PFU/mL) was applied for 7 d to reduce Salmonella attached to the stainless steel surfaces under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The inhibition of biofilm formation and reduction of pre-formed biofilm in 96-well microplate with bacteriophage treatment reached up to 90 and 66%, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, bacteriophage treatment reduced up to 2.9 and 3.0 log CFU/cm2 of attachment and slightly formed biofilm of selected top 10 Salmonella strains and an avirulent Salmonella Typhimurium strain 8243, respectively, as compared with reductions of 3.4, 1.4, and 3.0 log CFU/cm2 of S. Typhimurium strain 8243 in summer, fall/winter, and spring seasons under greenhouse conditions, respectively. Clearly, bacteriophages were effective on reducing Salmonella attachment and biofilms formed on hard surfaces under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The use of bacteriophages on hard surfaces may have merits in reducing the likelihood of finished rendered products being recontaminated with Salmonella in rendering plants.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacteriophages; Biofilms; Chickens; Food-Processing Industry; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Salmonella; Seasons; Stainless Steel
PubMed: 28339743
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew463 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2013Bacteriophages are traditionally used for the development of phage display technology. Recently, their nanosized dimensions and ease with which genetic modifications can... (Review)
Review
Bacteriophages are traditionally used for the development of phage display technology. Recently, their nanosized dimensions and ease with which genetic modifications can be made to their structure and function have put them in the spotlight towards their use in a variety of biosensors. In particular, the expression of any protein or peptide on the extraluminal surface of bacteriophages is possible by genetically engineering the genome. In addition, the relatively short replication time of bacteriophages offers researchers the ability to generate mass quantities of any given bacteriophage-based biosensor. Coupled with the emergence of various biomarkers in the clinic as a means to determine pathophysiological states, the development of current and novel technologies for their detection and quantification is imperative. In this review, we categorize bacteriophages by their morphology into M13-based filamentous bacteriophages and T4- or T7-based icosahedral bacteriophages, and examine how such advantages are utilized across a variety of biosensors. In essence, we take a comprehensive approach towards recent trends in bacteriophage-based biosensor applications and discuss their outlook with regards to the field of biotechnology.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacteriophages; Biological Assay; Biopolymers; Biosensing Techniques; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Nanotechnology; Peptide Library
PubMed: 24143096
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S51894 -
Nature Aug 2022Bacteria encode myriad defences that target the genomes of infecting bacteriophage, including restriction-modification and CRISPR-Cas systems. In response, one family of...
Bacteria encode myriad defences that target the genomes of infecting bacteriophage, including restriction-modification and CRISPR-Cas systems. In response, one family of large bacteriophages uses a nucleus-like compartment to protect its replicating genomes by excluding host defence factors. However, the principal composition and structure of this compartment remain unknown. Here we find that the bacteriophage nuclear shell assembles primarily from one protein, which we name chimallin (ChmA). Combining cryo-electron tomography of nuclear shells in bacteriophage-infected cells and cryo-electron microscopy of a minimal chimallin compartment in vitro, we show that chimallin self-assembles as a flexible sheet into closed micrometre-scale compartments. The architecture and assembly dynamics of the chimallin shell suggest mechanisms for its nucleation and growth, and its role as a scaffold for phage-encoded factors mediating macromolecular transport, cytoskeletal interactions, and viral maturation.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacteriophages; Cell Compartmentation; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Viral Proteins; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 35922510
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05013-4 -
FRNA Bacteriophages as Viral Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Mexican Tropical Aquatic Systems.PloS One 2017A particular challenge to water safety in populous intertropical regions is the lack of reliable faecal indicators to detect microbiological contamination of water,...
A particular challenge to water safety in populous intertropical regions is the lack of reliable faecal indicators to detect microbiological contamination of water, while the numerical relationships of specific viral indicators remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the numerical relationships of FRNA-bacteriophage genotypes, adenovirus 41, and human adenoviruses (HADV) in Mexican surface water systems to assess sewage contamination. We studied the presence of HADV, HADV41 and FRNA bacteriophage genotypes in water samples and quantified by qPCR and RT-qPCR. Virus and water quality indicator variances, as analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squared regression, followed along the major percentiles of water faecal enterococci. FRNA bacteriophages adequately deciphered viral and point source water contamination. The strongest correlation for HADV was with FRNA bacteriophage type II, in water samples higher than the 50th percentiles of faecal enterococci, thus indicating urban pollution. FRNA bacteriophage genotypes I and III virus indicator performances were assisted by their associations with electrical conductivity and faecal enterococci. In combination, our methods are useful for inferring water quality degradation caused by sewage contamination. The methods used have potential for determining source contamination in water and, specifically, the presence of enteric viruses where clean and contaminated water have mixed.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Feces; Humans; Mexico; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 28114378
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170399 -
Poultry Science Dec 2007Conventionally, bacteriophages are considered viruses capable of amplification only in a narrow range of closely related bacteria. Presently, we selected bacteriophages...
Conventionally, bacteriophages are considered viruses capable of amplification only in a narrow range of closely related bacteria. Presently, we selected bacteriophages with the ability to infect more than 1 bacterial genus. Initially, wild-type bacteriophages were selected for ability to form plaques in Salmonella enteritidis agar overlays. For determination of host specificity, a pool of 44 bacteriophages was combined with each bacterial isolate in tryptic soy broth. This mixture was incubated with fresh bacterial culture and media for 4 sequential passes, and the resulting bacteriophage titer was determined using S. enteritidis. One Klebsiella and 3 different Escherichia isolates successfully amplified some bacteriophage(s) from the S. enteritidis-selected bacteriophage pool (experiment 1). Amplification of bacteriophages in each species was confirmed by the formation of increased plaque forming units in a tryptic soy agar overlay with the enteric (alternative host) bacteria, Klebsiella or Escherichia (experiment 2). Two selected bacteriophages, confirmed to amplify in Escherichia or Klebsiella, were further evaluated for ability to amplify in 10 different Salmonella serovars by amplification in broth culture (experiment 3). One had the ability to amplify in 6 different Salmonella serovars, and the other had the ability to amplify in 2 different Salmonella serovars. These experiments suggest that bacteriophage host range is not always genera-restricted and that selection of subpopulations of bacteriophages capable of amplification in alternative genera may provide a tool for selection of broad host-range bacteriophages for the pathogen of interest. Selection of non-pathogenic host isolates to support replication of Salmonella bacteriophages may allow improved safety for bacteriophage application to poultry because this would reduce the necessity for 100% purification of the bacteriophages(s) from resistant host bacteria.
Topics: Salmonella Phages; Salmonella enteritidis; Virus Replication
PubMed: 18029799
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00250