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Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Jan 2016A highly effective and convenient "bis-click" strategy was developed for the template-independent circularization of single-stranded oligonucleotides by employing...
A highly effective and convenient "bis-click" strategy was developed for the template-independent circularization of single-stranded oligonucleotides by employing copper(I)-assisted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Terminal triple bonds were incorporated at both ends of linear oligonucleotides. Alkynylated 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-deoxyuridine residues with different side chains were used in solid-phase synthesis with phosphoramidite chemistry. The bis-click ligation of linear 9- to 36-mer oligonucleotides with 1,4-bis(azidomethyl)benzene afforded circular DNA in a simple and selective way; azido modification of the oligonucleotide was not necessary. Short ethynyl side chains were compatible with the circularization of longer oligonucleotides, whereas octadiynyl residues were used for short 9-mers. Compared with linear duplexes, circular bis-click constructs exhibit a significantly increased duplex stability over their linear counterparts. The intramolecular bis-click ligation protocol is not limited to DNA, but may also be suitable for the construction of other macrocycles, such as circular RNAs, peptides, or polysaccharides.
Topics: Alkynes; Azides; Base Pairing; Benzene Derivatives; Click Chemistry; Copper; Cycloaddition Reaction; DNA; DNA, Circular; Deoxyadenosines; Fluorescent Dyes; Ligation; Oligonucleotides; Polysaccharides; Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques; Tubercidin
PubMed: 26685101
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503615 -
Journal of Virological Methods Jul 2016Replication of the 3.2-kb hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome is driven by the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA in the nucleus, from which four classes of co-terminal...
Replication of the 3.2-kb hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome is driven by the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA in the nucleus, from which four classes of co-terminal RNAs are transcribed. Genome replication requires just the 3.5-kb pregenomic RNA, which is terminally redundant. Cloning the full-length HBV genome into a vector disrupts its continuity, thus preventing genome replication at the step of pregenomic RNA transcription. This can be overcome by converting the monomeric construct into a tandem dimer, yet the need to ligate two molecules of the HBV genome with vector DNA makes it inefficient and even unsuccessful. To overcome this problem we partially digested the monomeric construct with the unique restriction enzyme used for cloning, and dephosphorylated the linearized monomer before its ligation with another copy of the HBV genome. Alternatively, the monomer was linearized at another unique restriction site inside the HBV genome, followed by its dephosphorylation and ligation with another copy of the HBV genome linearized at the same site. These approaches of two-way molecular ligation greatly improved the efficiency of dimer formation with about 50% of the bacterial colonies screened harboring tandem dimers.
Topics: Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Circular; DNA, Viral; Genetic Vectors; Genome, Viral; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Plasmids
PubMed: 27025357
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.012 -
Nucleic Acids Research Feb 2017The nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway is the primary repair pathway for DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in humans. Repair is mediated by a core complex of NHEJ...
The nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway is the primary repair pathway for DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in humans. Repair is mediated by a core complex of NHEJ factors that includes a ligase (DNA Ligase IV; L4) that relies on juxtaposition of 3΄ hydroxyl and 5΄ phosphate termini of the strand breaks for catalysis. However, chromosome breaks arising from biological sources often have different end chemistries, and how these different end chemistries impact the way in which the core complex directs the necessary transitions from end pairing to ligation is not known. Here, using single-molecule FRET (smFRET), we show that prior to ligation, differences in end chemistry strongly modulate the bridging of broken ends by the NHEJ core complex. In particular, the 5΄ phosphate group is a recognition element for L4 and is critical for the ability of NHEJ factors to promote stable pairing of ends. Moreover, other chemical incompatibilities, including products of aborted ligation, are sufficient to disrupt end pairing. Based on these observations, we propose a mechanism for iterative repair of DSBs by NHEJ.
Topics: Animals; DNA; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; DNA End-Joining Repair; DNA Repair; DNA-Binding Proteins; Models, Biological; Protein Binding
PubMed: 27924007
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1221 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Aug 2002Despite the importance of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA ligation to the essential physiological functions of the enzyme, the mechanistic details of this important...
Human topoisomerase IIalpha possesses an intrinsic nucleic acid specificity for DNA ligation. Use of 5' covalently activated oligonucleotide substrates to study enzyme mechanism.
Despite the importance of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA ligation to the essential physiological functions of the enzyme, the mechanistic details of this important reaction are poorly understood. Because topoisomerase II normally does not release cleaved DNA molecules prior to ligation, it is not known whether all of the nucleic acid specificity of its cleavage/ligation cycle is embodied in DNA cleavage or whether ligation also contributes specificity to the enzyme. All currently available ligation assays require that topoisomerase II cleave the initial DNA substrate before rejoining can be monitored. Consequently, it has been impossible to examine the specificity of DNA ligation separately from that of scission. To address this issue, a cleavage-independent topoisomerase II DNA ligation assay was developed. This assay utilizes a nicked oligonucleotide whose 5'-phosphate terminus at the nick has been activated by covalent attachment to the tyrosine mimic, p-nitrophenol. Human topoisomerase IIalpha and enzymes with active-site mutations that abrogated cleavage activity ligated the activated nick by catalyzing the direct attack of the terminal 3'-OH on the activated 5'-phosphate. Results with different DNA sequences indicate that human topoisomerase IIalpha possesses an intrinsic nucleic acid specificity for ligation that parallels its specificity for DNA cleavage.
Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; DNA; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; DNA-Binding Proteins; Humans; Oligonucleotides
PubMed: 12050172
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M204741200 -
Biochemistry and Cell Biology =... Feb 2013DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), induced by ionizing radiation (IR) and endogenous stress including replication failure, are the most cytotoxic form of DNA damage. In... (Review)
Review
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), induced by ionizing radiation (IR) and endogenous stress including replication failure, are the most cytotoxic form of DNA damage. In human cells, most IR-induced DSBs are repaired by the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. One of the most critical steps in NHEJ is ligation of DNA ends by DNA ligase IV (LIG4), which interacts with, and is stabilized by, the scaffolding protein X-ray cross-complementing gene 4 (XRCC4). XRCC4 also interacts with XRCC4-like factor (XLF, also called Cernunnos); yet, XLF has been one of the least mechanistically understood proteins and precisely how XLF functions in NHEJ has been enigmatic. Here, we examine current combined structural and mutational findings that uncover integrated functions of XRCC4 and XLF and reveal their interactions to form long, helical protein filaments suitable to protect and align DSB ends. XLF-XRCC4 provides a global structural scaffold for ligating DSBs without requiring long DNA ends, thus ensuring accurate and efficient ligation and repair. The assembly of these XRCC4-XLF filaments, providing both DNA end protection and alignment, may commit cells to NHEJ with general biological implications for NHEJ and DSB repair processes and their links to cancer predispositions and interventions.
Topics: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; DNA; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; DNA End-Joining Repair; DNA Ligase ATP; DNA Ligases; DNA Repair; DNA Repair Enzymes; DNA-Binding Proteins; Humans; Models, Molecular; Protein Binding; Radiation, Ionizing
PubMed: 23442139
DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2012-0058 -
Nucleic Acids Research May 2022DNA ligases, critical enzymes for in vivo genome maintenance and modern molecular biology, catalyze the joining of adjacent 3'-OH and 5'-phosphorylated ends in DNA. To...
DNA ligases, critical enzymes for in vivo genome maintenance and modern molecular biology, catalyze the joining of adjacent 3'-OH and 5'-phosphorylated ends in DNA. To determine whether DNA annealing equilibria or properties intrinsic to the DNA ligase enzyme impact end-joining ligation outcomes, we used a highly multiplexed, sequencing-based assay to profile mismatch discrimination and sequence bias for several ligases capable of efficient end-joining. Our data reveal a spectrum of fidelity and bias, influenced by both the strength of overhang annealing as well as sequence preferences and mismatch tolerances that vary both in degree and kind between ligases. For example, while T7 DNA ligase shows a strong preference for ligating high GC sequences, other ligases show little GC-dependent bias, with human DNA Ligase 3 showing almost none. Similarly, mismatch tolerance varies widely among ligases, and while all ligases tested were most permissive of G:T mismatches, some ligases also tolerated bulkier purine:purine mismatches. These comprehensive fidelity and bias profiles provide insight into the biology of end-joining reactions and highlight the importance of ligase choice in application design.
Topics: DNA; DNA Ligases; Humans; Purines
PubMed: 35438779
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac241 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2023DNA is a promising candidate for long-term data storage due to its high density and endurance. The key challenge in DNA storage today is the cost of synthesis. In this...
DNA is a promising candidate for long-term data storage due to its high density and endurance. The key challenge in DNA storage today is the cost of synthesis. In this work, we propose composite motifs, a framework that uses a mixture of prefabricated motifs as building blocks to reduce synthesis cost by scaling logical density. To write data, we introduce Bridge Oligonucleotide Assembly, an enzymatic ligation technique for synthesizing oligos based on composite motifs. To sequence data, we introduce Direct Oligonucleotide Sequencing, a nanopore-based technique to sequence short oligos, eliminating common preparatory steps like DNA assembly, amplification and end-prep. To decode data, we introduce Motif-Search, a novel consensus caller that provides accurate reconstruction despite synthesis and sequencing errors. Using the proposed methods, we present an end-to-end experiment where we store the text "HelloWorld" at a logical density of 84 bits/cycle (14-42× improvement over state-of-the-art).
Topics: DNA; Oligonucleotides; Consensus; Nanopores; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 37749195
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43172-0 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... 2012An AFM-imaging-based method for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis is described. A stem-loop-forming 34-mer oligonucleotide (p34s) was designed. p34s contains...
An AFM-imaging-based method for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis is described. A stem-loop-forming 34-mer oligonucleotide (p34s) was designed. p34s contains the complementary sequence for K-ras (5'-GGT GGC-3', t6G), one of the human oncogenes, at the 5'-end for target-recognition and five successive phosphorothioate linkages in the loop. The functional probe, either alone or hybridized with target DNA (p34s/t6G), relaxed upon treatment with "opener" DNA. The template/target DNA interstrand hybridization product is covalently connected by ligase if the correct target is used, but not hybridized species including mismatches. With these results, developed was a solid-phase SNP assay by transferring an aliquot of the product onto an Au(111) substrate for self-assembly, followed by AFM imaging. Clear contrasts that allow the detection of SNPs, were observed for the ligated and non-ligated species representing the loop-to-linear conformational change. Simple statistical surface-roughness analysis determined the lowest concentration of the sample to be 5 × 10(-10) M, whose necessary sample quantity was 5 fmol.
Topics: Base Sequence; DNA; DNA Probes; Genes, ras; Indicators and Reagents; Inverted Repeat Sequences; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Models, Molecular; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oligonucleotide Probes; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 23059988
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.939 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2006Current techniques for examining the global creation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks are restricted in their sensitivity, and such techniques mask any...
Current techniques for examining the global creation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks are restricted in their sensitivity, and such techniques mask any site-dependent variations in breakage and repair rate or fidelity. We present here a system for analyzing the fate of documented DNA breaks, using the MLL gene as an example, through application of ligation-mediated PCR. Here, a simple asymmetric double-stranded DNA adapter molecule is ligated to experimentally induced DNA breaks and subjected to seminested PCR using adapter and gene-specific primers. The rate of appearance and loss of specific PCR products allows detection of both the break and its repair. Using the additional technique of inverse PCR, the presence of misrepaired products (translocations) can be detected at the same site, providing information on the fidelity of the ligation reaction in intact cells. Such techniques may be adapted for the analysis of DNA breaks introduced into any identifiable genomic location.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Chromosome Breakage; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Primers; DNA Repair; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Translocation, Genetic
PubMed: 16673878
DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-973-7:109 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jan 1994Werner Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an increased cancer risk and by symptoms suggestive of premature aging. Cells from these patients...
Werner Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an increased cancer risk and by symptoms suggestive of premature aging. Cells from these patients demonstrate a typical pattern of chromosomal instability and a spontaneous hypermutability with a high rate of unusually large deletions. We have studied the in vivo DNA ligation in three lymphoblast cell lines from Werner syndrome patients and three from normal donors. In our host cell ligation assay we transfected linearized plasmid pZ189 and measured the amount of plasmid DNA ends rejoined by these host cells as the ability of the recovered plasmid to transform bacteria. A mutagenesis marker gene close to the ligation site allowed screening for mutations. Subsequent mutation analysis provided information about the accuracy of the ligation process. The cells from Werner syndrome patients were as effective as normal cells in ligating DNA ends. However, mutation analysis revealed that the three Werner syndrome cell lines introduced 2.4-4.6 times more mutations (p < 0.001) than the normal cell lines during ligation of the DNA ends: the mutation rates were 69.4, 97.2, and 58.7%, as compared to 23.6, 21.7, and 24.4% in the normal cell lines. These increased mutation frequencies in plasmids ligated during passage through Werner syndrome cells were mainly due to a significant (p < 0.001) increase in deletions. This error-prone DNA ligation might be responsible for the spontaneous hypermutability and the genomic instability in Werner syndrome cells and related to the apparently accelerated aging and high cancer risk in affected patients.
Topics: Cell Line; DNA; DNA, Bacterial; Gene Deletion; Humans; Lymphocytes; Mutation; Plasmids; Transfection; Werner Syndrome
PubMed: 8288910
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371730