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The Journal of General Virology Aug 2019Spiders (order Araneae, class Arachnida) are an important group of predatory arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems that have been recently identified as an untapped...
Spiders (order Araneae, class Arachnida) are an important group of predatory arthropods in terrestrial ecosystems that have been recently identified as an untapped reservoir of single-stranded (ss)DNA viruses. Specifically, spiders harbour a diversity of ssDNA viruses encoding a replication-associated protein (Rep) within a circular genome. However, little is known about the ecology of novel circular Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS DNA) viruses. Here we investigated two CRESS DNA viruses recently identified in spinybacked orbweavers (Gasteracantha cancriformis), namely spinybacked orbweaver circular virus (SpOrbCV) 1 and 2. SpOrbCV-1 was detected in the majority (> 65 %) of spider specimens from all life stages, including eggs, spiderlings and adults, demonstrating that this virus is active within spinybacked orbweavers. In contrast, SpOrbCV-2 was only detected in adults at a lower (36 %) prevalence. Since we also detected SpOrbCV-2 in other spider species and this virus has been reported from a dragonfly, we suggest that SpOrbCV-2 is accumulated in these predators through common insect prey. The prevalence of SpOrbCV-1 in collected specimens allowed us to design assays to characterize this virus, which represents a new group of CRESS DNA viruses, the 'circularisviruses'. To our knowledge, SpOrbCV-1 is the first example of a vertically transmitted virus in spiders, which may explain its high prevalence in spinybacked orbweavers. Since vertically transmitted viruses infecting insects (class Insecta) can manipulate their host's behaviour and physiology, future studies should investigate the ecological role of vertically transmitted viruses in spiders.
Topics: Animals; DNA Viruses; DNA, Single-Stranded; Female; Florida; Genome, Viral; Life Cycle Stages; Male; Odonata; Phylogeny; Spiders
PubMed: 31210632
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001293 -
Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. Protein,... Sep 1967
Review
Topics: Animals; Bombyx; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Insect Viruses; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 4872908
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of General Virology Jul 2021Members of the family have linear dsDNA genomes of 27 to 29 kbp and are the first viruses known to infect mesophilic ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum...
Members of the family have linear dsDNA genomes of 27 to 29 kbp and are the first viruses known to infect mesophilic ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota. The spindle-shaped virions of Nitrosopumilus spindle-shaped virus 1 possess short tails at one pole and measure 64±3 nm in diameter and 112±6 nm in length. This morphology is similar to that of members of the families and . Virus replication is not lytic but leads to growth inhibition of the host. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family which is available at ictv.global/report/thaspiviridae.
Topics: Archaea; Archaeal Viruses; DNA Viruses; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34328827
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001631 -
Viruses Nov 2017It is increasingly clear that DNA viruses exploit cellular epigenetic processes to control their life cycles during infection. This review will address epigenetic... (Review)
Review
It is increasingly clear that DNA viruses exploit cellular epigenetic processes to control their life cycles during infection. This review will address epigenetic regulation in members of the polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B, and herpes viruses. For each type of virus, what is known about the roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and regulatory RNA in epigenetic regulation of the virus infection will be discussed. The mechanisms used by certain viruses to dysregulate the host cell through manipulation of epigenetic processes and the role of cellular cofactors such as BRD4 that are known to be involved in epigenetic regulation of host cell pathways will also be covered. Specifically, this review will focus on the role of epigenetic regulation in maintaining viral episomes through the generation of chromatin, temporally controlling transcription from viral genes during the course of an infection, regulating latency and the switch to a lytic infection, and global dysregulation of cellular function.
Topics: DNA Methylation; DNA Viruses; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Histone Code; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Nucleosomes; Plasmids; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Virus Latency; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Viruses
PubMed: 29149060
DOI: 10.3390/v9110346 -
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2022Subcellular organization is essential for life. Cells organize their functions into organelles to concentrate their machinery and supplies for optimal efficiency.... (Review)
Review
Subcellular organization is essential for life. Cells organize their functions into organelles to concentrate their machinery and supplies for optimal efficiency. Likewise, viruses organize their replication machinery into compartments or factories within their host cells for optimal replicative efficiency. In this review, we discuss how DNA viruses that infect both eukaryotic cells and bacteria assemble replication compartments for synthesis of progeny viral DNA and transcription of the viral genome. Eukaryotic DNA viruses assemble replication compartments in the nucleus of the host cell while DNA bacteriophages assemble compartments called phage nuclei in the bacterial cytoplasm. Thus, DNA viruses infecting host cells from different domains of life share common replication strategies.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacteriophages; Cell Nucleus; DNA Viruses; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Viral; Eukaryota; Eukaryotic Cells; Virus Replication; Viruses
PubMed: 36173697
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-012822-125828 -
Viruses Dec 2022Lymphocystis disease viruses (LCDVs) are viruses that infect bony fish which has been found in different locations across the globe. Four virus species have been...
Lymphocystis disease viruses (LCDVs) are viruses that infect bony fish which has been found in different locations across the globe. Four virus species have been classified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), despite remarkable discrepancies in genome size. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of LCDVs from wild fish from the North Sea and partial sequences from gilthead sea bream of an aquafarm located in the Aegean Sea in Turkey confirm that the LCDV1 genome at 100 kb is approximately half the size of the genomes of LCDV2-4. Since the fish species, of which LCDV1 was isolated, differ taxonomically at the order level, co-speciation can be excluded as the driver of the adaptation of the genome of this nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus, but may represent an adaptation to the lifestyle of this demersal fish in the northeast Atlantic.
Topics: Animals; Phylogeny; Iridoviridae; DNA Viruses; Sea Bream; Genome, Viral
PubMed: 36560745
DOI: 10.3390/v14122741 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2022The CRESS-DNA viruses are the ubiquitous virus detected in almost all eukaryotic life trees and play an essential role in the maintaining ecosystem of the globe. Still,...
The CRESS-DNA viruses are the ubiquitous virus detected in almost all eukaryotic life trees and play an essential role in the maintaining ecosystem of the globe. Still, their genetic diversity is not fully understood. Here, we bring to light the genetic diversity of replication (Rep) and capsid (Cap) proteins of CRESS-DNA viruses. We divided the Rep protein of the CRESS-DNA virus into 10 clusters using CLANS and phylogenetic analyses. Also, most of the Rep protein in Rep cluster 1 (R1) and R2 (, , , and CRESSV1-5) contain the Viral_Rep superfamily and P-loop_NTPase superfamily domains, while the Rep protein of viruses in other clusters has no such characterized functional domain. The , , and CRESSV1-3 viruses contain two domains, such as Viral_Rep and P-loop_NTPase; the CRESSV4 and CRESSV5 viruses have only the Viral_Rep domain; most of the sequences in the pCRESS-related group have only P-loop_NTPase; and do not have these two domains. Further, we divided the Cap protein of the CRESS-DNA virus into 20 clusters using CLANS and phylogenetic analyses. The Rep and Cap proteins of and are grouped into a specific cluster. Cap protein of CRESS-DNA viruses grouped with one cluster and Rep protein with another cluster. Further, our study reveals that selection pressure plays a significant role in the evolution of CRESS-DNA viruses' Rep and Cap genes rather than mutational pressure. We hope this study will help determine the genetic diversity of CRESS-DNA viruses as more sequences are discovered in the future. The genetic diversity of CRESS-DNA viruses is not fully understood. CRESS-DNA viruses are classified as CRESSV1 to CRESSV6 using only Rep protein. This study revealed that the Rep protein of the CRESS-DNA viruses is classified as CRESSV1 to CRESSV6 groups and the new Smacoviridae-related, CRESSV2-related, pCRESS-related, Circoviridae-related, and 1 to 4 outgroups, according to the Viral_Rep and P-loop_NTPase domain organization, CLANS, and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, for the first time in this study, the Cap protein of CRESS-DNA viruses was classified into 20 distinct clusters by CLANS and phylogenetic analysis. Through this classification, the genetic diversity of CRESS-DNA viruses clarifies the possibility of recombinations in Cap and Rep proteins. Finally, it has been shown that selection pressure plays a significant role in the evolution and genetic diversity of Cap and Rep proteins. This study explains the genetic diversity of CRESS-DNA viruses and hopes that it will help classify future detected viruses.
Topics: DNA, Viral; Phylogeny; Brassicaceae; Ecosystem; Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; DNA Viruses; Capsid Proteins; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; DNA, Circular
PubMed: 36346238
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01057-22 -
Annual Review of Microbiology 2014Mammalian cells detect foreign DNA introduced as free DNA or as a result of microbial infection, leading to the induction of innate immune responses that block microbial... (Review)
Review
Mammalian cells detect foreign DNA introduced as free DNA or as a result of microbial infection, leading to the induction of innate immune responses that block microbial replication and the activation of mechanisms that epigenetically silence the genes encoded by the foreign DNA. A number of DNA sensors localized to a variety of sites within the cell have been identified, and this review focuses on the mechanisms that detect viral DNA and how the resulting responses affect viral infections. Viruses have evolved mechanisms that inhibit these host sensors and signaling pathways, and the study of these antagonistic viral strategies has provided insight into the mechanisms of these host responses. The field of cellular sensing of foreign DNA is in its infancy, but our currently limited knowledge has raised a number of important questions for study.
Topics: Animals; DNA Virus Infections; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion
PubMed: 25002095
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091313-103409 -
The Journal of General Virology Sep 1976African swine fever (ASF) virus was grown either in swine macrophages or in VERO cells and purified free of cell DNA. Virus DNA was isolated from virions as a molecule...
African swine fever (ASF) virus was grown either in swine macrophages or in VERO cells and purified free of cell DNA. Virus DNA was isolated from virions as a molecule with a sedimentation coefficient of 60S and a contour of 58 +/- 3 mum. .these two values give a mol. wt. of 102 +/- 5 X 10(6) and 107 +/- 5 X 10(6), respectively, for the genome of ASF virus. Denatured DNA fragments from ASF virus reassociate with a C0t1/2 value of 0-60 +/- 0-05 MS, which compared with the corresponding value for T4 DNA gives for the molecular mass of ASF virus DNA a value of 102 +/- 8 X 10(6) daltons. Only virus DNA is synthesized ASF virus-infected swine macrophages.
Topics: African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Haplorhini; Macrophages; Molecular Weight; Nucleic Acid Renaturation; Swine
PubMed: 823295
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-32-3-479 -
Archives of Virology May 2022The circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses show high diversity and have a very wide range of hosts, including all three domains...
The circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses show high diversity and have a very wide range of hosts, including all three domains of cellular life. In the present study, a novel CRESS DNA virus, provisionally named "kirkovirus HNU-XX-2020" was discovered in a growing pig with watery diarrhea. The virus has a circular genome of 2961 nucleotides (nt) and three major putative open reading frames (ORFs), encoding a Rep protein (327 amino acids), a capsid protein (175 amino acids), and one protein (209 amino acids) of unknown function. The genome showed the highest sequence similarity (68.6% identity) to the genome of porcine circo-like virus 51 (JF713719), which was identified in pig faeces, and it showed very limited sequence similarity (less than 40% identity) to other virus genomes. Further phylogenetic analysis suggested that it could be a novel member in the proposed family "Kirkoviridae".
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Brassicaceae; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Diarrhea; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; Swine; Viruses
PubMed: 35312844
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05423-9