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Journal of Virology Dec 2017Our genomes are dominated by repetitive elements. The majority of these elements derive from retrotransposons, which expand throughout the genome through a process of... (Review)
Review
Our genomes are dominated by repetitive elements. The majority of these elements derive from retrotransposons, which expand throughout the genome through a process of reverse transcription and integration. Short interspersed nuclear elements, or SINEs, are an abundant class of retrotransposons that are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, thus generating exclusively noncoding RNA (ncRNA) that must hijack the machinery required for their transposition. SINE loci are generally transcriptionally repressed in somatic cells but can be robustly induced upon infection with multiple DNA viruses. Recent research has focused on the gene expression and signaling events that are modulated by SINE ncRNAs, particularly during gammaherpesvirus infection. Here, we review the biology of these SINE ncRNAs, explore how DNA virus infection may lead to their induction, and describe how novel gene regulatory and immune-related functions of these ncRNAs may impact the viral life cycle.
Topics: Animals; DNA Viruses; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mice; RNA Polymerase III; RNA, Untranslated; Retroelements; Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28931686
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00982-17 -
BioEssays : News and Reviews in... Aug 1998Within the highly organized nuclear structure, specific nuclear domains (ND10) are defined by accumulations of proteins that can be interferon-upregulated, implicating... (Review)
Review
Within the highly organized nuclear structure, specific nuclear domains (ND10) are defined by accumulations of proteins that can be interferon-upregulated, implicating ND10 as sites of a nuclear defense mechanism. Compatible with such a mechanism is the deposition of herpesvirus, adenovirus, and papovavirus genomes at the periphery of ND10. However, these DNA viruses begin their transcription at ND10 and consequently initiate replication at these sites, suggesting that viruses have evolved ways to circumvent this potential cellular defense and exploit it. Other ND10-associated proteins belong to ubiquitin-related pathways. These findings, together with the accumulation of various overexpressed cellular and viral proteins, suggest that ND10 function as nuclear dumps or as nuclear depots. Consistent with the recruitment or deposition of various proteins and viral genomes adjacent to ND10, ND10 themselves may only be protein accumulations at specific but as yet undefined nuclear deposition sites. The concept of specific nuclear deposition sites may explain the juxtaposition of various nuclear bodies and allows testable predictions about a potential supramolecular regulatory mechanism whereby proteins are selectively segregated or released by global changes induced in nuclear functions such as viral infections, stress, or hormonal induction.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; DNA Replication; DNA Viruses; Genome, Viral; Humans; Transcription, Genetic; Virus Replication
PubMed: 9780840
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199808)20:8<660::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-M -
Intervirology 1992In situ hybridization, using a biotinylated clone of frog erythrocytic virus (FEV), was conducted to determine the location of viral sequences in bullfrog erythrocytes....
In situ hybridization, using a biotinylated clone of frog erythrocytic virus (FEV), was conducted to determine the location of viral sequences in bullfrog erythrocytes. FEV-specific hybridization signals were found to correspond to mature cytoplasmic viral particles and assembly sites. These data are consistent with electron microscopic observations of viral assembly in the erythrocyte cytoplasm. Although FEV has morphological and biochemical properties similar to frog virus 3, our data suggest that the site of DNA replication and assembly of FEV is more similar to that of the poxviruses.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Cytoplasm; DNA Replication; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Erythrocytes; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Ranidae; Virus Replication
PubMed: 1500276
DOI: 10.1159/000150245 -
Harvey Lectures
Review
Topics: Amino Acids; Bacteriophages; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; DNA Replication; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Microscopy, Electron; Molecular Biology; Mutation; Virus Replication
PubMed: 4924948
DOI: No ID Found -
Virologica Sinica Apr 2014
Topics: Acanthamoeba castellanii; DNA Viruses; Fossils; Permafrost; Plant Viruses
PubMed: 24752762
DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3451-9 -
Viruses Oct 2015Studies have highlighted the essential nature of a group of small, highly hydrophobic, membrane embedded, channel-forming proteins in the life cycles of a growing number... (Review)
Review
Studies have highlighted the essential nature of a group of small, highly hydrophobic, membrane embedded, channel-forming proteins in the life cycles of a growing number of RNA viruses. These viroporins mediate the flow of ions and a range of solutes across cellular membranes and are necessary for manipulating a myriad of host processes. As such they contribute to all stages of the virus life cycle. Recent discoveries have identified proteins encoded by the small DNA tumor viruses that display a number of viroporin like properties. This review article summarizes the recent developments in our understanding of these novel viroporins; describes their roles in the virus life cycles and in pathogenesis and speculates on their potential as targets for anti-viral therapeutic intervention.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; DNA Viruses; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Porins; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 26501313
DOI: 10.3390/v7102880 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Aug 1999Recently, a new infective agent of humans, TT virus (TTV), was identified. Very high prevalence rates of TTV in different population groups, including apparently healthy...
BACKGROUND
Recently, a new infective agent of humans, TT virus (TTV), was identified. Very high prevalence rates of TTV in different population groups, including apparently healthy individuals, were reported for several countries. OBJECTIVES, STUDY DESIGN: In order to investigate whether or not non-parenteral transmission routes can contribute to TTV spread, we have tested saliva, urine, and stool samples from eight TT viraemic individuals for the presence of TTV DNA by polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS
TTT DNA was detected in saliva of five subjects and stools of four patients. None of the urine samples contained TTV DNA. Viral titres in saliva were close to those found in serum. In feces, TTV DNA could only be detected in low concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings on the presence of TTV DNA in saliva and stool suggest that TTV might be transmitted non-parenterally.
Topics: DNA Virus Infections; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Feces; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Saliva; Viremia
PubMed: 10443794
DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00015-3 -
PLoS Pathogens Oct 2018MITA (also called STING) is a central adaptor protein in innate immune response to cytosolic DNA. Cellular trafficking of MITA from the ER to perinuclear microsomes...
MITA (also called STING) is a central adaptor protein in innate immune response to cytosolic DNA. Cellular trafficking of MITA from the ER to perinuclear microsomes after DNA virus infection is critical for MITA activation and onset of innate antiviral response. Here we found that SNX8 is a component of DNA-triggered induction of downstream effector genes and innate immune response. Snx8-/- mice infected with the DNA virus HSV-1 exhibited lower serum cytokine levels and higher viral titers in the brains, resulting in higher lethality. Mechanistically, SNX8 recruited the class III phosphatylinositol 3-kinase VPS34 to MITA, which is required for trafficking of MITA from the ER to perinuclear microsomes. Our findings suggest that SNX8 is a critical component in innate immune response to cytosolic DNA and DNA virus.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cytokines; DNA Virus Infections; DNA Viruses; HEK293 Cells; HeLa Cells; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Protein Transport; Sorting Nexins; Viral Load
PubMed: 30321235
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007336 -
Cell Host & Microbe May 2016Viral latency can be considered a metastable, nonproductive infection state that is capable of subsequent reactivation to repeat the infection cycle. Viral latent... (Review)
Review
Viral latency can be considered a metastable, nonproductive infection state that is capable of subsequent reactivation to repeat the infection cycle. Viral latent infections have numerous associated pathologies, including cancer, birth defects, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, and immunological dysfunctions. The mechanisms controlling the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency are complex and diversified among virus families, species, and strains. Yet, as examined in this review, common properties of latent viral infections can be defined. Eradicating latent virus has become an important but elusive challenge and will require a more complete understanding of the mechanisms controlling these processes.
Topics: Animals; DNA Viruses; Epigenesis, Genetic; Genes, Viral; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Virus Diseases; Virus Integration; Virus Latency; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27173930
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.008 -
Oncogene Oct 2001Connections between PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) and DNA virus replication have been investigated from the earliest days of the molecular characterization of PML and... (Review)
Review
Connections between PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) and DNA virus replication have been investigated from the earliest days of the molecular characterization of PML and associated proteins. It appears to be a general feature of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses that their parental genomes preferentially become associated with PML NBs, and that their initial sites of transcription and development of DNA replication centres are frequently juxtaposed to these domains or their remnants. In addition, regulatory proteins encoded by several DNA viruses associate with and sometimes cause catastrophic changes to PML NBs by a variety of mechanisms. These events can be correlated with the efficiency of viral infection and the functions of viral regulatory proteins, but the underlying molecular connections between PML NB function and viral infection remain poorly understood. This article reviews the latest developments in the interactions between PML NBs and herpesviruses, adenoviruses and papovaviruses.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Cell Nucleus Structures; DNA Viruses; Herpesviridae; Humans; Organelles; Papillomaviridae; Polyomavirus; Protein Binding; SUMO-1 Protein; Viral Proteins; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 11704855
DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204759