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Bulletin of Experimental Biology and... Mar 2022Amyloidosis was modeled in young mice by administration of aqueous solution of soy cream substitute and then, amyloidogenesis was corrected by oral administration of dry...
Amyloidosis was modeled in young mice by administration of aqueous solution of soy cream substitute and then, amyloidogenesis was corrected by oral administration of dry red wine. In mice with amyloidosis, the area of megakaryocytes decreased by 1.69 times, the relative content of oxyphilic forms of megakaryocytes increased by 4.33 times, and ploidy did not change in comparison with the corresponding parameters in intact mice. Administration of red dry grape wine against the background of formation of systemic amyloidosis changed the reaction of megakaryocytes: the content of polychromatophilic forms was comparable to the level of intact control, the content of oxyphilic forms decreased by 3.11 times, the RNA and DNA content in megakaryocyte nuclei decreased proportionally, and the ploidy decreased. Thus, red grape wine reduced the response of the megakaryocyte genome to the external supply of amyloidogenic substance.
Topics: Amyloidosis; Animals; Megakaryocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Ploidies; Spleen; Wine
PubMed: 35352248
DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05437-y -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Ploidy analysis is the fundamental method of measuring DNA content. For decades, the principal way of conducting ploidy analysis was through flow cytometry. A flow...
Ploidy analysis is the fundamental method of measuring DNA content. For decades, the principal way of conducting ploidy analysis was through flow cytometry. A flow cytometer is a specialized tool for analyzing cells in a solution. This is convenient in laboratory environments, but prohibits measurement reproducibility and the complete detachment of sample preparation from data acquisition and analysis, which seems to have become paramount with the constant decrease in the number of pathologists per capita all over the globe. As more open computer-aided systems emerge in medicine, the demand for overcoming these shortcomings, and opening access to even more (and more flexible) options, has also emerged. Image-based analysis systems can provide an alternative to these types of workloads, placing the abovementioned problems in a different light. Flow cytometry data can be used as a reference for calibrating an image-based system. This article aims to show an approach to constructing an image-based solution for ploidy analysis, take measurements for a basic comparison of the data produced by the two methods, and produce a workflow with the ultimate goal of calibrating the image-based system.
Topics: Calibration; DNA, Neoplasm; Flow Cytometry; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Ploidies; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 36146303
DOI: 10.3390/s22186952 -
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular... Jul 2017Identifying the physical basis of heterosis (or "hybrid vigor") has remained elusive despite over a hundred years of research on the subject. The three main theories of... (Review)
Review
The thermodynamics of protein aggregation reactions may underpin the enhanced metabolic efficiency associated with heterosis, some balancing selection, and the evolution of ploidy levels.
Identifying the physical basis of heterosis (or "hybrid vigor") has remained elusive despite over a hundred years of research on the subject. The three main theories of heterosis are dominance theory, overdominance theory, and epistasis theory. Kacser and Burns (1981) identified the molecular basis of dominance, which has greatly enhanced our understanding of its importance to heterosis. This paper aims to explain how overdominance, and some features of epistasis, can similarly emerge from the molecular dynamics of proteins. Possessing multiple alleles at a gene locus results in the synthesis of different allozymes at reduced concentrations. This in turn reduces the rate at which each allozyme forms soluble oligomers, which are toxic and must be degraded, because allozymes co-aggregate at low efficiencies. The model developed in this paper can explain how heterozygosity impacts the metabolic efficiency of an organism. It can also explain why the viabilities of some inbred lines seem to decline rapidly at high inbreeding coefficients (F > 0.5), which may provide a physical basis for truncation selection for heterozygosity. Finally, the model has implications for the ploidy level of organisms. It can explain why polyploids are frequently found in environments where severe physical stresses promote the formation of soluble oligomers. The model can also explain why complex organisms, which need to synthesize aggregation-prone proteins that contain intrinsically unstructured regions (IURs) and multiple domains because they facilitate complex protein interaction networks (PINs), tend to be diploid while haploidy tends to be restricted to relatively simple organisms.
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Hybrid Vigor; Metabolism; Ploidies; Protein Aggregates; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 28185903
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.01.005 -
Genes Nov 2020Polyploidization has played a prominent role in the evolutionary history of plants. Two recent and sequential allopolyploidization events have resulted in the formation...
Polyploidization has played a prominent role in the evolutionary history of plants. Two recent and sequential allopolyploidization events have resulted in the formation of wheat species with different ploidies, and which provide a model to study the effects of polyploidization on the evolution of gene expression. In this study, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between four BBAA tetraploid wheats of three different ploidy backgrounds. DEGs were found to be unevenly distributed among functional categories and duplication modes. We observed more DEGs in the extracted tetraploid wheat (ETW) than in natural tetraploid wheats (TD and TTR13) as compared to a synthetic tetraploid (AT2). Furthermore, DEGs showed higher ratios than those that did not show expression changes (non-DEGs) between genotypes, indicating DEGs and non-DEGs experienced different selection pressures. For A-B homeolog pairs with DEGs, most of them had only one differentially expressed copy, however, when both copies of a homeolog pair were DEGs, the A and B copies were more likely to be regulated to the same direction. Our results suggest that both - and inter-subgenome -regulatory changes are important drivers in the evolution of homeologous gene expression in polyploid wheat, with ploidy playing a significant role in the process.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genome, Plant; Genotype; Polyploidy; Tetraploidy; Triticum
PubMed: 33255795
DOI: 10.3390/genes11121401 -
American Journal of Botany Oct 2022It is well-known that whole genome duplication (WGD) has played a significant role in the evolution of plants. The best-known phenotypic effect of WGD is the gigas...
PREMISE
It is well-known that whole genome duplication (WGD) has played a significant role in the evolution of plants. The best-known phenotypic effect of WGD is the gigas effect, or the enlargement of polyploid plant traits. WGD is often linked with increased weediness, which could be a result of fitness advantages conferred by the gigas effect. As a result, the gigas effect could potentially explain polyploid persistence and abundance. We test whether a gigas effect is present in the polyploid-rich geophyte Oxalis, at both organ and cellular scales.
METHODS
We measured traits in conspecific diploid and polyploid accessions of 24 species across the genus. In addition, we measured the same and additional traits in 20 populations of the weedy and highly ploidy-variable species Oxalis purpurea L., including measures of clonality and selfing as a proxy for weediness. Ploidy level was determined using flow cytometry.
RESULTS
We found substantial variation and no consistent ploidy-related size difference, both between and within species, and across traits. Oxalis purpurea polyploids did, however, produce significantly more underground biomass and more bulbils than diploids, consistent with a potential role of WGD in the weediness of this species.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest a more nuanced role for the gigas effect, at least in Oxalis. It may be temporary, short-lived, and inconsistently expressed and retained on evolutionary time scales, but in the short term can contribute to lineage success via increased vegetative reproduction.
Topics: Oxalidaceae; Polyploidy; Diploidy; Ploidies; Reproduction
PubMed: 36193941
DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16077 -
American Journal of Botany Feb 2022Endoreduplication, nonheritable duplication of a nuclear genome, is widespread in plants and plays a role in developmental processes related to cell differentiation....
PREMISE
Endoreduplication, nonheritable duplication of a nuclear genome, is widespread in plants and plays a role in developmental processes related to cell differentiation. However, neither ecological nor cytological factors influencing intraspecific variation in endoreduplication are fully understood.
METHODS
We cultivated plants covering the range-wide natural diversity of diploid and tetraploid populations of Arabidopsis arenosa in common conditions to investigate the effect of original ploidy level on endoreduplication. We also raised plants from several foothill and alpine populations from different lineages and of both ploidies to test for the effect of elevation. We determined the endoreduplication level in leaves of young plants by flow cytometry. Using RNA-seq data available for our populations, we analyzed gene expression analysis in individuals that differed in endoreduplication level.
RESULTS
We found intraspecific variation in endoreduplication that was mainly driven by the original ploidy level of populations, with significantly higher endoreduplication in diploids. An effect of elevation was also found within each ploidy, yet its direction exhibited rather regional-specific patterns. Transcriptomic analysis comparing individuals with high vs. low endopolyploidy revealed a majority of differentially expressed genes related to the stress and hormone response and to modifications especially in the cell wall and in chloroplasts.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results support the general assumption of higher potential of low-ploidy organisms to undergo endoreduplication and suggest that endoreduplication is further integrated within the stress response pathways for a fine-tune adjustment of the endoreduplication process to their local environment.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Diploidy; Endoreduplication; Ploidies; Tetraploidy
PubMed: 35137947
DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1818 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jul 1999Microarray-based gene expression analysis identified genes showing ploidy-dependent expression in isogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that varied in ploidy from...
Microarray-based gene expression analysis identified genes showing ploidy-dependent expression in isogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that varied in ploidy from haploid to tetraploid. These genes were induced or repressed in proportion to the number of chromosome sets, regardless of the mating type. Ploidy-dependent repression of some G1 cyclins can explain the greater cell size associated with higher ploidies, and suggests ploidy-dependent modifications of cell cycle progression. Moreover, ploidy regulation of the FLO11 gene had direct consequences for yeast development.
Topics: Chitinases; Cyclins; Fungal Proteins; G1 Phase; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Haploidy; Lipoproteins; Mating Factor; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Peptides; Pheromones; Ploidies; Polyploidy; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 10398601
DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5425.251 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Apr 2023Somatic polyploidization, an adaptation by which cells increase their DNA content to support growth, is observed in many cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Although...
Somatic polyploidization, an adaptation by which cells increase their DNA content to support growth, is observed in many cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Although polyploidization is believed to be beneficial, progression to a polyploid state is often accompanied by loss of proliferative capacity. Recent work suggests that genetics heavily influence cardiomyocyte ploidy. However, the developmental course by which cardiomyocytes reach their final ploidy state has only been investigated in select backgrounds. Here, we assessed cardiomyocyte number, cell cycle activity, and ploidy dynamics across two divergent mouse strains: C57BL/6J and A/J. Both strains are born and reach adulthood with comparable numbers of cardiomyocytes; however, the end composition of ploidy classes and developmental progression to reach the final state differ substantially. We expand on previous findings that identified Tnni3k as a mediator of cardiomyocyte ploidy and uncover a role for Runx1 in ploidy dynamics and cardiomyocyte cell division, in both developmental and injury contexts. These data provide novel insights into the developmental path to cardiomyocyte polyploidization and challenge the paradigm that hypertrophy is the sole mechanism for growth in the postnatal heart.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Myocytes, Cardiac; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Ploidies; Polyploidy; Genetic Background; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 36912240
DOI: 10.1242/dev.201318 -
Current Biology : CB May 2023Although polyploidization is frequent in development, cancer, and evolution, impacts on animal metabolism are poorly understood. In Xenopus frogs, the number of genome...
Although polyploidization is frequent in development, cancer, and evolution, impacts on animal metabolism are poorly understood. In Xenopus frogs, the number of genome copies (ploidy) varies across species and can be manipulated within a species. Here, we show that triploid tadpoles contain fewer, larger cells than diploids and consume oxygen at a lower rate. Drug treatments revealed that the major processes accounting for tadpole energy expenditure include cell proliferation, biosynthesis, and maintenance of plasma membrane potential. While inhibiting cell proliferation did not abolish the oxygen consumption difference between diploids and triploids, treatments that altered cellular biosynthesis or electrical potential did. Combining these results with a simple mathematical framework, we propose that the decrease in total cell surface area lowered production and activity of plasma membrane components including the Na/K ATPase, reducing energy consumption in triploids. Comparison of Xenopus species that evolved through polyploidization revealed that metabolic differences emerged during development when cell size scaled with genome size. Thus, ploidy affects metabolism by altering the cell surface area to volume ratio in a multicellular organism.
Topics: Animals; Triploidy; Xenopus laevis; Polyploidy; Ploidies; Diploidy; Cell Membrane
PubMed: 37080197
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.071 -
Genes May 2023The genetic systems of species have not been extensively studied. We analyzed the ploidy, reproductive mode, mating system, and fertility of four species-, , , and ....
The genetic systems of species have not been extensively studied. We analyzed the ploidy, reproductive mode, mating system, and fertility of four species-, , , and . An analysis of 378 individuals from 20 populations of northeastern Argentina was conducted. All populations of the four species were pure tetraploid and had a sexual and stable reproductive mode. However, some populations of and showed low levels of apospory. Populations of and had low seed sets under self-pollination but were fertile under open pollination, showing that self-incompatibility likely caused self-sterility. In contrast, populations of or showed no evidence of apospory, and seed sets in both self- and open pollination conditions were high, suggesting that they are self-compatible due to the absence of pollen-pistil molecular incompatibility mechanisms. The evolutionary origin of the four species could explain these differences. This study supplies valuable insights into the genetic systems of species, which could have implications for their conservation and management.
Topics: Humans; Paspalum; Reproduction; Ploidies; Tetraploidy; Sexuality
PubMed: 37372317
DOI: 10.3390/genes14061137