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Nursing Mar 2020
Topics: Guidelines as Topic; Health Facilities; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Risk Factors; Water Supply
PubMed: 32068708
DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000651660.70883.b4 -
Przeglad Epidemiologiczny 2015The objective of the article is to assess the epidemiological situation of legionellosis in Poland in 2013 in comparison to the preceding years. MATERIAL AND METHODS....
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the article is to assess the epidemiological situation of legionellosis in Poland in 2013 in comparison to the preceding years. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The analysis of epidemiological situation was based on the data published in the annual bulletin: "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2013" and its prior versions as well as the legionellosis case reports sent to the Department of Epidemiology of NIPH-NIH.
RESULTS
In Poland, all cases of legionellosis, including Legionnaires' disease--a form of disease accompanied by pneumonia and mild, influenza-like form of infection--Pontiac fever are routinely reported to the surveillance. In 2013, a total of 11 legionellosis cases were reported (all 11 were cases of Legionnaires' disease and no one case of Pontiac fever); the incidence was 0.029 per 100,000 population which was a bit higher compared to the previous year but was 40 % lower from the median incidence for 2007-2011. The infections were reported in 7 provinces. The incidence in males (0.04 per 100,000) was slightly higher compared to females (0.02). No legionellosis outbreaks were registered--all infections were of sporadic nature. All cases were hospitalized., of these, seven were infected in the country, including three hospital acquired infections. Four infections were associated with travels abroad (one to Austria, one to Bulgaria, one to Germany and one to Italy). All the four cases connected with travel abroad survived., but 5 cases from 7 infected in Poland were fatal. The sanitary inspection reported that four fatal cases were over the age of 50, but one girl was 14 years old
CONCLUSIONS
In 2013, no changes of fundamental features of legionellosis epidemiological situation in Poland were observed. It is recommended to enhance the surveillance for legionellosis, with emphasis on conducting environmental investigation in areas where infections have occurred.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infection Control; Legionellosis; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Poland; Registries; Rural Population; Sex Distribution; Urban Population; Young Adult
PubMed: 26233078
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Sep 1987This article provides a review of Legionnaire's Disease, a bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionella species, and of Pontiac Fever, the flu-like illness caused by these... (Review)
Review
This article provides a review of Legionnaire's Disease, a bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionella species, and of Pontiac Fever, the flu-like illness caused by these microorganisms. The authors draw on their personal experience with major human outbreaks of Legionnaire's Disease and with animal models of Legionella pneumonia. Emphasis is placed on the sources in nature from which legionellosis is acquired, the means of dissemination of bacteria, the epidemiology of human infections, the pathogenetic mechanisms of disease and host defense, the clinical manifestations, and the treatment.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease
PubMed: 3311585
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jan 2002Travel-associated outbreaks of legionnaires disease (LD) and combined outbreaks of LD and Pontiac fever (PF) are rarely identified. During one travel-associated combined...
Travel-associated outbreaks of legionnaires disease (LD) and combined outbreaks of LD and Pontiac fever (PF) are rarely identified. During one travel-associated combined outbreak at a hotel, a cohort study of potentially exposed persons and an environmental investigation were performed. Two LD and 22 PF cases were identified. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 (Lp6) isolates from the index patient and the hotel whirlpool spa were found to be identical by amplified fragment-length polymorphism typing. Disease occurred in 10 of 26 guests who were exposed to the spa versus 2 of 29 guests who were exposed only to the pool area (38% vs. 7%; P=.005). Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to the outbreak Lp6 strain was more common among persons with PF (4 of 9) than among non-ill persons (2 of 32) (44% vs. 6%; P=.02). Spa exposure correlated with disease (P=.001) and IgM seropositivity (P=.007). New laboratory techniques facilitate outbreak investigation; to expedite outbreak interruption and measure the impact of travel-associated legionellosis, surveillance must be improved.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Travel; United States; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 11807698
DOI: 10.1086/338060 -
Epidemiologic Reviews 1979
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Infant; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonia; United States
PubMed: 398262
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036204 -
Medicina Clinica Feb 2006To describe an outbreak of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in Mataró, Catalunya, Spain, in August 2002. The source of the microorganism was a cooling tower.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
To describe an outbreak of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in Mataró, Catalunya, Spain, in August 2002. The source of the microorganism was a cooling tower.
PATIENTS AND METHOD
Prospective and observational study with analysis of epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data.
RESULTS
151 patients were affected (62% male), with a mean age of 58.4 years old. Seven patients were classified as Pontiac Fever and 144 suffered from pneumonia. The diagnosis of pneumonia was confirmed in 79% of cases, was considered suspicious in 14% and probable in 7%. Forty per cent of patients were smokers and 53.5% had comorbidities, mainly diabetes mellitus (22%). Chief symptoms were fever (97%), chills and muscular pain (63% respectively), headache (54%) and cough (53%). Pulmonary condensation was the more frequent radiological feature (71%). Normal pulmonary exploration was observed in 38%. Forty-three per cent of cases were severely ill, and 16% of patients belonged to Fine's IV and V class. Antigenuria was the most important test for diagnosis, which confirmed 76% of cases. Legionella spp. was obtained in respiratory secretions of 10 patients. Molecular analysis confirmed clonality between respiratory microorganisms and that obtained in the cooling tower.
CONCLUSION
The outbreak involved an important number of subjects in a short period of time. Antigenuria was the most useful test. However, the isolation of L. pneumophila from patients permitted the prompt identification of microorganism's source in a cooling tower. The low mortality observed probably relates to a rapid diagnosis and its target treatment.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Spain
PubMed: 16570380
DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(06)71871-1 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Oct 2014Legionnaires' disease is an important cause of community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Although uncommon, Legionnaires' disease continues to cause disease... (Review)
Review
Legionnaires' disease is an important cause of community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Although uncommon, Legionnaires' disease continues to cause disease outbreaks of public health significance. The disease is caused by any species of the Gram-negative aerobic bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella; Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 is the causative agent of most cases in Europe. In this Review we outline the global epidemiology of Legionnaires' disease, summarise its diagnosis and management, and identify research gaps and priorities. Early clinical diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate antibiotics for Legionella spp in all patients with community-acquired or hospital-acquired pneumonias is a crucial measure for management of the disease. Progress in typing and sequencing technologies might additionally contribute to understanding the distribution and natural history of Legionnaires' disease, and inform outbreak investigations. Control of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks relies on rapid ascertainment of descriptive epidemiological data, combined with microbiological information to identify the source and implement control measures. Further research is required to define the actual burden of disease, factors that influence susceptibility, key sources of infection, and differences in virulence between strains of Legionella species. Other requirements are improved, specific, sensitive, and rapid diagnostic tests to accurately inform management of Legionnaires' disease, and controlled clinical trials to ascertain the optimum antibiotics for treatment.
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Virulence
PubMed: 24970283
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70713-3 -
New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2008
Topics: Humans; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease; New South Wales; Public Health; Risk Factors
PubMed: 19023937
DOI: No ID Found -
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi = Chinese... Oct 1989The first proved outbreak of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease occurred in a psychiatric hospital in Washington D.C. in 1965, but the diagnosis was not established until...
The first proved outbreak of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease occurred in a psychiatric hospital in Washington D.C. in 1965, but the diagnosis was not established until determination of serum antibodies against Legionella pneumophila by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was undertaken, using the bacterial antigen isolated from patients with Legionnaires' disease in the 1976 outbreak in Philadelphia. The second nosocomial outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurred in three immunocompromised patients who received renal transplantation at the University of Kansas Medical Center and died of extensive lobar pneumonia in 1975. The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test revealed L. pneumophila in the lungs of all three patients after the Legionnaires' disease agent was identified. The lack of prospective surveys using sensitive diagnostic procedures by various types has limited our knowledge on the extent of the problem caused by legionella. In fact, nosocomial Legionnaires' disease is a worldwide problem, and control of this disease requires thorough cooperation of physicians, epidemiologists, microbiologists and expert engineers.
Topics: Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease
PubMed: 2634459
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicina Clinica Nov 1989