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The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 1985
Topics: Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Netherlands; United Kingdom
PubMed: 4080050
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... May 2003Optimal therapy against Legionella infection is based on agents with a high intrinsic activity, an appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile (including the... (Review)
Review
Optimal therapy against Legionella infection is based on agents with a high intrinsic activity, an appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile (including the ability to penetrate phagocytic cells), a low incidence of adverse reactions and an advantageous cost-efficacy relationship. Newer macroazalides and fluoroquinolones are among the first-line therapies and in severe infections, particularly those occurring in immunocompromised patients, azithromycin and later fluoroquinolones are the agents of choice. Delay in the onset of adequate therapy is a key factor associated with a poor outcome. Thus, all patients with pneumonia associated with respiratory failure, shock or underlying disease causing severe immunodeficiency should initially receive an agent active against Legionella spp., at least while the aetiology remains unknown. Adjunctive measures improve outcome in critically ill patients. In intubated patients with delayed resolution, superinfection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or co-infection caused by other pathogens should be excluded.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Humans; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease; Prognosis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 12668578
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg191 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Jun 2008
Topics: Humans; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease
PubMed: 18581001
DOI: No ID Found -
The European Respiratory Journal Dec 2013
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Europe; Geography; Humans; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24293418
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00089113 -
South African Medical Journal =... Jul 1979
Topics: Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Pennsylvania
PubMed: 483102
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 1978
Topics: Humans; Legionnaires' Disease
PubMed: 695113
DOI: No ID Found -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... Jul 2008Legionella are widespread in natural aquatic environments and are able to exist in water of different temperatures, pH level, and nutrient and oxygen content. Their... (Review)
Review
Legionella are widespread in natural aquatic environments and are able to exist in water of different temperatures, pH level, and nutrient and oxygen content. Their occurrence in nature can be attributed to their relationships with other microorganisms. When Legionella co-exist with algae and other bacteria, especially in biofilms, the availability of nutrients increases. They also are able to infect protozoa and subsequently reproduce within these organisms. As a result of these relationships, Legionella are protected against adverse conditions, including standard water disinfection techniques. Consequently, they are also prevalent in anthropogenic water such as drinking water, whirlpools, and cooling tower reservoirs. Aerosol-generating systems aid in the transmission of Legionella from water to the air. Human inhalation of contaminated aerosols leads to Legionella infection and disease outbreaks. Legionellosis in humans has typically been characterized as either a potentially fatal pneumonic condition, known as Legionnaires' disease, or an acute, self-limiting, non-pneumonic condition known as Pontiac fever. In addition, Legionella spp. cause extrapulmonary infection, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Timely treatment of Legionnaires' disease is extremely important for the patient's recovery. Although erythromycin has historically been used to treat patients with Legionnaires' disease, newer macrolides and fluoroquinolones are gaining acceptance as the first choice for treatment. Although 52 species of Legionella are known, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 is responsible for more than 80% of hospital- and community-acquired cases of Legionnaires' disease.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Biofilms; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Erythromycin; Eukaryota; Europe; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Legionella; Legionnaires' Disease; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Species Specificity; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 18633335
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2022are gram-negative bacteria most commonly found in freshwater ecosystems and purpose-built water systems. In humans, the bacterium causes Legionnaires' disease (LD) or a...
are gram-negative bacteria most commonly found in freshwater ecosystems and purpose-built water systems. In humans, the bacterium causes Legionnaires' disease (LD) or a Pontiac fever. In this study, the different waters (drinking water, pool water, cooling towers) in which has been isolated were studied to assess the possible risk of bacterial spreading in the population. The influence of physical and chemical parameters, and interactions with on , were analyzed by Heterotrophic Plate Count, the Colony-forming units (CFU) methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Sequence-Based Typing (SBT) analysis. During the study period (2013-2019), a total of 1932 water samples were analyzed, with the average annual rate of -positive water samples of 8.9%, showing an increasing trend. The largest proportion of -positive samples was found in cooling towers and rehabilitation centers (33.9% and 33.3%, respectively). Among the isolates, SGs 2-14 was the most commonly identified strain (76%). The survival of was enhanced in the samples with higher pH values, while higher electrical conductivity, nitrate, and free residual chlorine concentration significantly reduced the survival of Our results show that growth in amoeba does not affect the allelic profile, phenotype, and morphology of the bacterium but environmental becomes more resistant to pasteurization treatment.
Topics: Amoeba; Ecosystem; Humans; Legionella; Legionella pneumophila; Legionnaires' Disease; Pasteurization; Public Health; Risk Factors; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 35162120
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031099 -
Lancet (London, England) Feb 1989Analysis of case histories from 187 people who had visited a hotel and leisure complex in Lochgoilhead, a village on the west coast of Scotland, indicated that 170 had...
Analysis of case histories from 187 people who had visited a hotel and leisure complex in Lochgoilhead, a village on the west coast of Scotland, indicated that 170 had had an acute illness characterised by headache, fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, cough, and breathlessness. These symptoms were consistent with Pontiac fever-like illness. Legionella micdadei was isolated from the leisure complex whirlpool spa at the time that 60 of 72 individuals with symptoms seroconverted to L micdadei antigen. This outbreak is thought to be the first of a Pontiac fever-like illness ascribed to L micdadei and the first large-scale outbreak of its kind to have occurred outside North America. Whirlpool spas can be a major reservoir of legionella organisms; they must therefore be properly maintained and operated to prevent outbreaks of infection.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fever; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Legionella; Legionellosis; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Scotland; Time Factors; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 2563467
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91319-6 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) Feb 2007Legionnaires disease, more formally known as legionellosis, is a relatively common form of severe pneumonia caused by Legionella, a genus of waterborne bacteria.... (Review)
Review
Legionnaires disease, more formally known as legionellosis, is a relatively common form of severe pneumonia caused by Legionella, a genus of waterborne bacteria. Legionellosis is acquired by inhalation of legionellae from contaminated environmental sources. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 is responsible for more than 80% of cases in most countries. More than 1500 cases were reported in France in 2005. Initial diagnosis is based on tests for urinary antigens. The mortality rate for legionellosis depends on the promptness of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Macrolides (erythromycin or intravenous azithromycin, which is preferred to erythromycin for its better pharmacodynamic properties) and fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) are the antibiotics of choice for severe legionellosis.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disinfection; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease
PubMed: 17258676
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2006.10.012