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Archives of Microbiology Dec 2023Many zoonotic disease emergencies are associated with RNA viruses in rodents that substantially impact public health. With the widespread application of meta-genomics... (Review)
Review
Many zoonotic disease emergencies are associated with RNA viruses in rodents that substantially impact public health. With the widespread application of meta-genomics and meta-transcriptomics for virus discovery over the last decade, viral sequences deposited in public databases have expanded rapidly, and the number of novel viruses discovered in rodents has increased. As important reservoirs of zoonotic viruses, rodents have attracted increasing attention for the risk of potential spillover of rodent-borne viruses. However, knowledge of rodent viral diversity and the major factors contributing to the risk of zoonotic epidemic outbreaks remains limited. Therefore, this study analyzes the diversity and composition of rodent RNA viruses using virus records from the Database of Rodent-associated Viruses (DRodVir/ZOVER), which covers the published literatures and records in GenBank database, reviews the main rodent RNA virus-induced human infectious diseases, and discusses potential challenges in this field.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rodentia; Zoonoses; Viruses; RNA Viruses; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 38038743
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03732-4 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA Sep 2019Numerous post-transcriptional RNA processes play a major role in regulating the quantity, quality and diversity of gene expression in the cell. These include RNA... (Review)
Review
Numerous post-transcriptional RNA processes play a major role in regulating the quantity, quality and diversity of gene expression in the cell. These include RNA processing events such as capping, splicing, polyadenylation and modification, but also aspects such as RNA localization, decay, translation, and non-coding RNA-associated regulation. The interface between the transcripts of RNA viruses and the various RNA regulatory processes in the cell, therefore, has high potential to significantly impact virus gene expression, regulation, cytopathology and pathogenesis. Furthermore, understanding RNA biology from the perspective of an RNA virus can shed considerable light on the broad impact of these post-transcriptional processes in cell biology. Thus the goal of this article is to provide an overview of the richness of cellular RNA biology and how RNA viruses use, usurp and/or avoid the associated machinery to impact the outcome of infection. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Topics: RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 31034160
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1536 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2020Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and... (Review)
Review
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins' functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: , , and such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
Topics: Acetylation; Chikungunya virus; Coronavirus; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Glycosylation; HIV; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Phosphorylation; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses; Ubiquitination; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication; Zika Virus
PubMed: 33396899
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2017Chronic disease associated with persistent RNA virus infections represents a key public health concern. While human immunodeficiency virus-1 and hepatitis C virus are... (Review)
Review
Chronic disease associated with persistent RNA virus infections represents a key public health concern. While human immunodeficiency virus-1 and hepatitis C virus are perhaps the most well-known examples of persistent RNA viruses that cause chronic disease, evidence suggests that many other RNA viruses, including re-emerging viruses such as chikungunya virus, Ebola virus and Zika virus, establish persistent infections. The mechanisms by which RNA viruses drive chronic disease are poorly understood. Here, we discuss how the persistence of viral RNA may drive chronic disease manifestations via the activation of RNA sensing pathways.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses
PubMed: 28214732
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.01.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019RNA viruses are known to replicate by low fidelity polymerases and have high mutation rates whereby the resulting virus population tends to exist as a distribution of... (Review)
Review
RNA viruses are known to replicate by low fidelity polymerases and have high mutation rates whereby the resulting virus population tends to exist as a distribution of mutants. In this review, we aim to explore how genetic events such as spontaneous mutations could alter the genomic organization of RNA viruses in such a way that they impact virus replications and plaque morphology. The phenomenon of quasispecies within a viral population is also discussed to reflect virulence and its implications for RNA viruses. An understanding of how such events occur will provide further evidence about whether there are molecular determinants for plaque morphology of RNA viruses or whether different plaque phenotypes arise due to the presence of quasispecies within a population. Ultimately this review gives an insight into whether the intrinsically high error rates due to the low fidelity of RNA polymerases is responsible for the variation in plaque morphology and diversity in virulence. This can be a useful tool in characterizing mechanisms that facilitate virus adaptation and evolution.
Topics: Animals; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Quasispecies; RNA Viruses; Viral Proteins; Virulence
PubMed: 31546962
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184657 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Sep 2022Negative-sense RNA virus populations are composed of diverse viral components that interact to form a community and shape the outcome of virus infections. At the genomic... (Review)
Review
Negative-sense RNA virus populations are composed of diverse viral components that interact to form a community and shape the outcome of virus infections. At the genomic level, RNA virus populations consist not only of a homogeneous population of standard viral genomes but also of an extremely large number of genome variants, termed viral quasispecies, and nonstandard viral genomes, which include copy-back viral genomes, deletion viral genomes, mini viral RNAs, and hypermutated RNAs. At the particle level, RNA virus populations are composed of pleomorphic particles, particles missing or having additional genomes, and single particles or particle aggregates. As we continue discovering more about the components of negative-sense RNA virus populations and their crucial functions during virus infection, it will become more important to study RNA virus populations as a whole rather than their individual parts. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the components of negative-sense RNA virus communities, speculate how the components of the virus community interact, and summarize what vaccines and antiviral therapies are being currently developed to target or harness these components.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Genome, Viral; Negative-Sense RNA Viruses; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 35658541
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00086-21 -
MBio Oct 2022RNA viruses include respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as vector-borne viruses, like dengue and West Nile virus. RNA viruses like... (Review)
Review
RNA viruses include respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as vector-borne viruses, like dengue and West Nile virus. RNA viruses like these encounter various environments when they copy themselves and spread from cell to cell or host to host. differences, such as geographical location and humidity, affect their stability and transmission, while differences, such as pH and host gene expression, impact viral receptor binding, viral replication, and the host immune response against the viral infection. A critical factor affecting RNA viruses both and , and defining the outcome of viral infections and the direction of viral evolution, is temperature. In this minireview, we discuss the impact of temperature on viral replication, stability, transmission, and adaptation, as well as the host innate immune response. Improving our understanding of how RNA viruses function, survive, and spread at different temperatures will improve our models of viral replication and transmission risk analyses.
Topics: Humans; Temperature; Virus Replication; RNA Viruses; West Nile virus; RNA Virus Infections
PubMed: 35980031
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02021-22 -
Uirusu 2020RNA viruses do not need to take the form of DNAs, and RNAs alone complete their replication cycles. On the other hand, since the 1970s, it has been known that DNA... (Review)
Review
RNA viruses do not need to take the form of DNAs, and RNAs alone complete their replication cycles. On the other hand, since the 1970s, it has been known that DNA fragments derived from RNA viruses can be detected in RNA virus-infected cells. Furthermore, in this decade, it has become clear that the eukaryotic genomes contain genetic sequences derived from non-retroviral RNA viruses. The DNA sequences derived from these RNA viruses are thought to be generatedby using a transposable mechanism of retrotransposon, such as LINE-1. Many endogenous RNA viral sequences are formed by the same mechanism as processed pseudogenes in eukaryotic cells, but the significance of the production of RNA viral "pseudogenes " in infected cells has not been elucidated. We have discovered endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs), which derived from a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, Bornaviruses, and have studied the evolution and function of EBLs in host animals. The analysis of EBLs provides us a clue to unravel the history of host-RNA virus coexistence. In this review, I overview about the function of endogenous RNA virus sequences, especially EBLs in mammalian genomes, and discuss the significance of endogenization of RNA viruses as viral pseudogenes in evolution.
Topics: Animals; Bornaviridae; Genome; Pseudogenes; RNA; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 33967113
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.49 -
Trends in Biochemical Sciences Sep 2020Viruses rely on the host cell translation machinery for efficient synthesis of their own proteins. Emerging evidence highlights different roles for host transfer RNAs... (Review)
Review
Viruses rely on the host cell translation machinery for efficient synthesis of their own proteins. Emerging evidence highlights different roles for host transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in the process of virus replication. For instance, different RNA viruses manipulate host tRNA pools to favor viral protein translation. Interestingly, specific host tRNAs are used as reverse transcription primers and are packaged into retroviral virions. Recent data also demonstrate the formation of tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) upon infection to facilitate viral replication. Here, we comprehensively discuss how RNA viruses exploit distinct aspects of the host tRNA biology for their benefit. In light of the recent advances in the field, we propose that host tRNA-related pathways and mechanisms represent promising cellular targets for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
Topics: Humans; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses; RNA, Transfer
PubMed: 32505636
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.05.007 -
Trends in Molecular Medicine Jan 2017microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate many processes within a cell by manipulating protein levels through direct binding to mRNA and influencing... (Review)
Review
microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate many processes within a cell by manipulating protein levels through direct binding to mRNA and influencing translation efficiency, or mRNA abundance. Recent evidence demonstrates that miRNAs can also affect RNA virus replication and pathogenesis through direct binding to the RNA virus genome or through virus-mediated changes in the host transcriptome. Here, we review the current knowledge on the interaction between RNA viruses and cellular miRNAs. We also discuss how cell and tissue-specific expression of miRNAs can directly affect viral pathogenesis. Understanding the role of cellular miRNAs during viral infection may lead to the identification of novel mechanisms to block RNA virus replication or cell-specific regulation of viral vector targeting.
Topics: Animals; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Transcriptome; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27989642
DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.11.003