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Uirusu 2018Since RNA virus genome encodes only a limited number of viral proteins, replication of RNA virus mostly relies on host cells. Elucidation of host proteins that play... (Review)
Review
Since RNA virus genome encodes only a limited number of viral proteins, replication of RNA virus mostly relies on host cells. Elucidation of host proteins that play important roles in the virus replication cycles contributes not only to fundamental virology research but also to applied research such as development of antiviral drugs. We revealed that Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 utilized host COPII transport machinery for its intracellular transport to the plasma membrane. Second, we demonstrated that enterovirus A71 used Scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) as a cellular receptor. Finally, we found that host protein CLUH played an important role in the subnuclear transport of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes. Here, I would like to briefly introduce these findings.
Topics: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Animals; COP-Coated Vesicles; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lysosomal Membrane Proteins; Mice; RNA Viruses; RNA-Binding Proteins; Receptors, Scavenger; Viral Matrix Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31105137
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.71 -
PLoS Pathogens Jul 2010
Topics: Genome, Viral; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Virus Replication
PubMed: 20661480
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000943 -
Microbes and Infection Nov 2002The antiviral drug ribavirin exhibits strong antiviral activity against a broad range of RNA viruses. This drug is currently used clinically to treat hepatitis C virus... (Review)
Review
The antiviral drug ribavirin exhibits strong antiviral activity against a broad range of RNA viruses. This drug is currently used clinically to treat hepatitis C virus infections, respiratory syncytial virus infections, and Lassa fever virus infections. Although ribavirin was discovered in 1972, its mechanism of action has remained unclear until recently. Using poliovirus as an RNA virus model, it was shown that ribavirin is a virus mutagen, and it was proposed that the primary mechanism of action of ribavirin is via lethal mutagenesis of the RNA virus genomes. This represents a novel antiviral mechanism of action and provides a model for the development of new antiviral strategies. In this review we discuss the genetic explanations, evolutionary implications, and drug development opportunities associated with RNA virus mutagenesis.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Drug Design; Genes, Lethal; Models, Molecular; Mutagenesis; Mutation; Poliovirus; RNA Viruses; Ribavirin
PubMed: 12443894
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00008-4 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 1998
Review
Topics: Cell Line; Genetic Vectors; Humans; RNA Viruses; Replicon; Sindbis Virus; Transfection
PubMed: 9788984
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12750 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016Acute upper and lower respiratory infections are a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. At greatest risk are young... (Review)
Review
Acute upper and lower respiratory infections are a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. At greatest risk are young children, the elderly, the chronically ill, and those with suppressed or compromised immune systems. Viruses are the predominant cause of respiratory tract illnesses and include RNA viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus. Laboratory testing is required for a reliable diagnosis of viral respiratory infections, as a clinical diagnosis can be difficult since signs and symptoms are often overlapping and not specific for any one virus. Recent advances in technology have resulted in the development of newer diagnostic assays that offer great promise for rapid and accurate detection of respiratory viral infections. This chapter emphasizes the fundamental characteristics and clinical importance of the various RNA viruses that cause upper and lower respiratory tract diseases in the immunocompromised host. It highlights the laboratory methods that can be used to make a rapid and definitive diagnosis for the greatest impact on the care and management of ill patients, and the prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections and community outbreaks.
Topics: Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 27726802
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0028-2016 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Complement, a part of the innate arm of the immune system, is integral to the frontline defense of the host against innumerable pathogens, which includes RNA viruses.... (Review)
Review
Complement, a part of the innate arm of the immune system, is integral to the frontline defense of the host against innumerable pathogens, which includes RNA viruses. Among the major groups of viruses, RNA viruses contribute significantly to the global mortality and morbidity index associated with viral infection. Despite multiple routes of entry adopted by these viruses, facing complement is inevitable. The initial interaction with complement and the nature of this interaction play an important role in determining host resistance versus susceptibility to the viral infection. Many RNA viruses are potent activators of complement, often resulting in virus neutralization. Yet, another facet of virus-induced activation is the exacerbation in pathogenesis contributing to the overall morbidity. The severity in disease and death associated with RNA virus infections shows a tip in the scale favoring viruses. Growing evidence suggest that like their DNA counterparts, RNA viruses have co-evolved to master ingenious strategies to remarkably restrict complement. Modulation of host genes involved in antiviral responses contributed prominently to the adoption of unique strategies to keep complement at bay, which included either down regulation of activation components (C3, C4) or up regulation of complement regulatory proteins. All this hints at a possible "hijacking" of the cross-talk mechanism of the host immune system. Enveloped RNA viruses have a selective advantage of not only modulating the host responses but also recruiting membrane-associated regulators of complement activation (RCAs). This review aims to highlight the significant progress in the understanding of RNA virus-complement interactions.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Complement Activation; Complement System Proteins; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 33133089
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573583 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Feb 1993
Review
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Conformation; RNA Viruses; RNA, Double-Stranded; RNA, Viral; Virus Replication
PubMed: 8440674
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Virology May 2022In this study, a novel positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) mycovirus, tentatively named Colletotrichum fructicola RNA virus 1 (CfRV1), was identified in the...
In this study, a novel positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) mycovirus, tentatively named Colletotrichum fructicola RNA virus 1 (CfRV1), was identified in the phytopathogenic fungus . CfRV1 has seven genomic components, encoding seven proteins from open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by highly conserved untranslated regions (UTRs). Proteins encoded by ORFs 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 are more similar to the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), hypothetical protein (P2), methyltransferase, and two hypothetical proteins of Hadaka virus 1 (HadV1), a capsidless 10- or 11-segmented +ssRNA virus, while proteins encoded by ORFs 4 and 7 showed no detectable similarity to any known proteins. Notably, proteins encoded by ORFs 1 to 3 also share considerably high similarity with the corresponding proteins of polymycoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis conducted based on the amino acid sequence of CfRV1 RdRp and related viruses placed CfRV1 and HadV1 together in the same clade, close to polymycoviruses and astroviruses. CfRV1-infected strains demonstrate a moderately attenuated growth rate and virulence compared to uninfected isolates. CfRV1 is capsidless and potentially encapsulated in vesicles inside fungal cells, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. CfRV1 and HadV1 are +ssRNA mycoviruses closely related to polymycoviruses and astroviruses, represent a new linkage between +ssRNA viruses and the intermediate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) polymycoviruses, and expand our understanding of virus diversity, taxonomy, evolution, and biological traits. A scenario proposing that dsRNA viruses evolved from +ssRNA viruses is still considered controversial due to intergroup knowledge gaps in virus diversity. Recently, polymycoviruses and hadakaviruses were found as intermediate dsRNA and +ssRNA stages, respectively, between +ssRNA and dsRNA viruses. Here, we identified a novel +ssRNA mycovirus, Colletotrichum fructicola RNA virus 1 (CfRV1), isolated from in China. CfRV1 is phylogenetically related to the 10- or 11-segmented Hadaka virus 1 (HadV1) but consists of only seven genomic segments encoding two novel proteins. CfRV1 is naked and may be encapsulated in vesicles inside fungal cells, representing a potential novel lifestyle for multisegmented RNA viruses. CfRV1 and HadV1 are intermediate +ssRNA mycoviruses in the linkage between +ssRNA viruses and the intermediate dsRNA polymycoviruses and expand our understanding of virus diversity, taxonomy, and evolution.
Topics: Colletotrichum; Fungal Viruses; Genome, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
PubMed: 35435725
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00318-22 -
Trends in Cell Biology Dec 2002To spread infection, enveloped viruses must bud from infected host cells. Recent research indicates that HIV and other enveloped RNA viruses bud by appropriating the... (Review)
Review
To spread infection, enveloped viruses must bud from infected host cells. Recent research indicates that HIV and other enveloped RNA viruses bud by appropriating the cellular machinery that is normally used to create vesicles that bud into late endosomal compartments called multivesicular bodies. This new model of virus budding has many potential implications for cell biology and viral pathogenesis.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Cytoplasmic Vesicles; HIV; Humans; Molecular Mimicry; Protein Transport; RNA Viruses; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 12495845
DOI: 10.1016/s0962-8924(02)02402-9 -
Annual Review of Microbiology 2010Positive-strand RNA virus genome replication is invariably associated with extensively rearranged intracellular membranes. Recent biochemical and electron microscopy... (Review)
Review
Positive-strand RNA virus genome replication is invariably associated with extensively rearranged intracellular membranes. Recent biochemical and electron microscopy analyses, including three-dimensional electron microscope tomographic imaging, have fundamentally advanced our understanding of the ultrastructure and function of organelle-like RNA replication factories. Notably, for a range of positive-strand RNA viruses embodying many major differences, independent studies have revealed multiple common principles. These principles include that RNA replication often occurs inside numerous virus-induced vesicles invaginated or otherwise elaborated from a continuous, often endoplasmic reticulum-derived membrane network. Where analyzed, each such vesicle typically contains only one or a few genome replication intermediates in conjunction with many copies of viral nonstructural proteins. In addition, these genome replication compartments often are closely associated with sites of virion assembly and budding. Our understanding of these complexes is growing, providing substantial new insights into the organization, coordination, and potential control of crucial processes in virus replication.
Topics: Cytoplasmic Vesicles; Electron Microscope Tomography; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Intracellular Membranes; RNA Viruses; Virus Replication
PubMed: 20825348
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134012