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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Oct 2010Constitutional advancement of growth (CAG), a.k.a. early growth acceleration, refers to a growth pattern that is characterized by growth acceleration soon after birth,... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Constitutional advancement of growth (CAG), a.k.a. early growth acceleration, refers to a growth pattern that is characterized by growth acceleration soon after birth, reaching a zenith centile in the first 2 to 4 yr of life and followed by normalization of the growth rate until the onset of puberty, which is usually early. CAG is the mirror image of the growth pattern of constitutional delay of growth and puberty, which is characterized by growth deceleration in the first years of life that is followed by normalization of the growth rate and late onset of puberty. For a child to be considered as presenting CAG, other conditions that lead to early growth acceleration, like genetic tall stature, infant overfeeding, and intrauterine growth restraint, have to be excluded.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
This review was based on our own data supplemented by relevant articles identified by a PubMed search.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Girls with idiopathic precocious puberty almost invariably present the growth pattern of CAG. Moreover, the growth pattern of growth acceleration in the first years of life, i.e. CAG, is also present in children that become obese later in childhood; thus, it may be considered a risk factor for childhood obesity.
CONCLUSIONS
Given the strong association between childhood obesity and early puberty, especially in girls, infants that present the pattern of CAG have to be monitored for the development of early puberty or/and obesity.
Topics: Acceleration; Body Constitution; Child; Child Development; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Growth Charts; Humans; Obesity; Prognosis; Puberty, Precocious
PubMed: 20610589
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0895 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects...
Knowledge of human craniofacial growth (increase in size) and development (change in shape) is important in the clinical treatment of a range of conditions that affects it. This study uses an extensive collection of clinical CT scans to investigate craniofacial growth and development over the first 48 months of life, detail how the cranium changes in form (size and shape) in each sex and how these changes are associated with the growth and development of various soft tissues such as the brain, eyes and tongue and the expansion of the nasal cavity. This is achieved through multivariate analyses of cranial form based on 3D landmarks and semi-landmarks and by analyses of linear dimensions, and cranial volumes. The results highlight accelerations and decelerations in cranial form changes throughout early childhood. They show that from 0 to 12 months, the cranium undergoes greater changes in form than from 12 to 48 months. However, in terms of the development of overall cranial shape, there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the age range considered in this study. In consequence a single model of human craniofacial growth and development is presented for future studies to examine the physio-mechanical interactions of the craniofacial growth.
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Skull; Acceleration; Brain; Eye; Growth and Development
PubMed: 37316540
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36646-8 -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 1999The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of accelerating growth rates and of imposing estrogen implants in prepubertal heifers on mammary development... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
The effects of accelerated growth rates and estrogen implants in prepubertal Holstein heifers on estimates of mammary development and subsequent reproduction and milk production.
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of accelerating growth rates and of imposing estrogen implants in prepubertal heifers on mammary development and subsequent reproduction and milk production. Sixty-eight Holstein heifers were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups by using a randomized complete block design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments were standard growth rate (700 g/d) or accelerated growth rate (1000 g/d) and estrogen implant or no estrogen implant. The treatments were imposed over 20 wk, beginning at 4.5 mo of age and 130 kg of body weight (BW). During the treatment period, all heifers were fed individually and received the same diet, but the dry matter intake of each heifer was adjusted weekly to achieve the designated growth rate. The estrogen implants were removed at the end of the treatment period at 9.5 mo of age. After the treatment period, the heifers were group fed according to BW and age to allow the heifers to have a similar BW and age at calving. The accelerated growth regimen decreased age at puberty by 32 d. Age, BW, and body condition scores at calving were not significantly different among treatments. The accelerated prepubertal growth regimen decreased first lactation fat-corrected milk yield 7.1%. Prepubertal heifers given estrogen implants produced 5.2% less fat-corrected milk during first lactation than did heifers not implanted with estrogen. Estrogen implants stimulated a large increase in teat length growth during the treatment period, but the advantage was lost posttreatment. Over both the treatment and posttreatment periods, the estrogen implants reduced teat length growth by 30%. Accelerated growth rates from 700 to 1000 g/d and estrogen implants in prepubertal heifers decreased first lactation milk production.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Drug Implants; Estradiol; Female; Growth; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Sexual Maturation
PubMed: 10480102
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75406-8 -
Nature Communications Sep 2023Most growth references for very preterm infants were developed using measurements taken at birth, and were thought to represent intrauterine growth. However, it remains...
Most growth references for very preterm infants were developed using measurements taken at birth, and were thought to represent intrauterine growth. However, it remains unclear whether the goal of approximating an intrauterine growth rate as stated by the American Academy of Pediatrics is attainable by very preterm infants. Using real-world measurement data from very preterm infants born between 2010 through 2020, we develop models to characterize the patterns of postnatal growth, and compare them to intrauterine growth. By assessing the weight growth rate, we show three phases of postnatal growth not evident in intrauterine growth. Furthermore, postnatal length and head circumference growth exhibit a slow rate after birth, followed by an acceleration. Collectively, postnatal and intrauterine growth are distinctly different. Although postnatal growth models do not represent optimal growth of very preterm infants, they can serve as a practical tool for clinical assessment of growth and for nutrition research.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Infant; Humans; Child; Infant, Premature; Anthropometry; Acceleration
PubMed: 37726287
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41069-0 -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Aug 2017As heifer rearing is a costly investment, dairy farmers have been stimulated to maximize early growth of their calves, mainly by enhanced liquid feeding. However, the... (Review)
Review
As heifer rearing is a costly investment, dairy farmers have been stimulated to maximize early growth of their calves, mainly by enhanced liquid feeding. However, the long-term effects of this "accelerated growth" are largely unknown. Studies recently performed at Ghent University indicate that in dairy cattle, certain maternal factors (such as young age and high milk yield) and environmental factors (such as high ambient temperatures) create a suboptimal environment for the developing foetus, altering the phenotype of the newborn calf. According to the "thrifty phenotype hypothesis," these metabolic alterations prepare the newborn for similar ("matching") conditions after birth, enhancing its survival during periods of limited feeding. Yet, when an abundance of nutrients is available in post-natal life (e.g., during periods of enhanced feeding), the "mismatch" between pre- and post-natal environment results in an early catch-up growth, with potential negative consequences. The aim of the article was to discuss this mismatch between pre- and post-natal environment in dairy calves. Previous studies, especially in human medicine, have shown catch-up growth to be associated with obesity, fertility problems, metabolic diseases and a reduced lifespan. Hence, we hypothesize that, by applying programs of accelerated growth, our current management system accentuates the mismatch between the pre- and post-natal environment in dairy calves. We can conclude that, although more research is necessary, the current findings point towards a more individual approach when rearing dairy heifers.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Diet; Female; Fetal Development; Growth; Phenotype
PubMed: 28815846
DOI: 10.1111/rda.13019 -
Schizophrenia Research Apr 2017Identification of abnormalities in the developmental trajectory during infancy of future schizophrenia cases offers the potential to reveal pathogenic mechanisms of this...
Identification of abnormalities in the developmental trajectory during infancy of future schizophrenia cases offers the potential to reveal pathogenic mechanisms of this disorder. Previous studies of head circumference in pre-schizophrenia were limited to measures at birth. The use of growth acceleration of head circumference (defined as the rate of change in head circumference) provides a more informative representation of the maturational landscape of this measure compared to studies based on static head circumference measures. To date, however, no study has examined whether HC growth acceleration differs between pre-schizophrenia cases and controls. In the present study, we employed a nested case control design of a national birth cohort in Finland. Cases with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N=375) and controls (N=375) drawn from the birth cohort were matched 1:1 on date of birth (within 1month), sex, and residence in Finland at case diagnosis. Longitudinal data were obtained on head circumference from birth through age 1. Data were analyzed using a new nonparametric Bayesian inversion method which allows for a detailed understanding of growth dynamics. Adjusting for growth velocity of height and weight, and gestational age, there was significantly accelerated growth of head circumference in females with schizophrenia from birth to 2months; the findings remained significant following Bonferroni correction (p<0.0125). This is the first study to report abnormal HC growth acceleration, a more sensitive measure of somatic developmental deviation of this measure, in schizophrenia.
Topics: Age Factors; Bayes Theorem; Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Cephalometry; Cohort Studies; Female; Finland; Gestational Age; Head; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Sex Factors
PubMed: 27818077
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.032 -
Pediatriia Aug 1978
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Female; Growth; Heart; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Personality Development; Racial Groups; Sports Medicine; USSR; Urbanization
PubMed: 358129
DOI: No ID Found -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Nov 2000The association between low birth weight and raised blood pressure has been extensively replicated. Little is known about the way childhood growth modifies the effects...
The association between low birth weight and raised blood pressure has been extensively replicated. Little is known about the way childhood growth modifies the effects of low birth weight. We report on the fetal and childhood growth of 1958 men and women who received treatment for hypertension and belong to a cohort of 7086 people born in Helsinki, Finland, during 1924-1933. As expected, the men and women who developed hypertension had low birth weight (P=0.002). They were also shorter in body length at birth (P=0.02). After birth they experienced accelerated growth, so that by 7 years their heights and weights were approximately average. In a simultaneous regression, both birth length and tall height had statistically significant although opposing effects on hypertension (P=0.003 for birth length and 0.009 for height at 7 years). Accelerated postnatal growth was associated with better childhood living conditions. Children who later developed both hypertension and type 2 diabetes, rather than hypertension alone, had small placental size as well as small body size at birth, and their accelerated postnatal growth continued beyond 7 years. We suggest that hypertension may originate through retarded growth in utero followed by accelerated postnatal growth as a result of good living conditions. Retarded fetal growth leads to permanently reduced cell numbers in the kidney and other tissues, and subsequent accelerated growth may lead to excessive metabolic demand on this limited cell mass.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Birth Weight; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Finland; Growth; Humans; Hypertension; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mothers; Multivariate Analysis; Organ Size; Placenta; Pregnancy; Social Class
PubMed: 11082144
DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.5.790 -
Respiration Physiology Apr 1983Incubation of eggs in 60% oxygen has been shown to enhance growth of the chick embryo. To determine whether oxygen accelerates growth over a range of concentrations,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Incubation of eggs in 60% oxygen has been shown to enhance growth of the chick embryo. To determine whether oxygen accelerates growth over a range of concentrations, eggs were incubated in 40% or 70% O2. Control eggs, pair-matched by initial weight, were simultaneously incubated in room air (21% O2). Embryo and organ weights from matched pairs of eggs were compared on incubation days 14, 16 and 18 (40% O2) or 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 (70% O2). Embryos incubated in 40% O2 displayed a pattern of growth enhancement similar to that previously reported for 60% O2. Accelerated embryonic growth was maintained through day 18. The heart showed the greatest percentage increase in weight over control, exceeding that of the whole embryo on days 16 and 18. The brain displayed significant enhancement only on day 16. Weight of the liver was unaffected by hyperoxia. Embryos in 70% O2 exhibited accelerated growth in all of the tissues examined early in incubation. Growth rate of the hyperoxic embryos then declined, so that embryo weight on day 18 did not differ from control. The brain, heart, eye, and proventriculus plus gizzard from 70% O2 embryos weighed significantly less than controls on day 18. Growth inhibition was most striking in the heart; heart/body weight ratio of 70% O2 embryos was significantly less than control throughout the observation period. The results confirm the growth accelerative effect of oxygen and suggest that the degree of growth enhancement is proportional to the ambient oxygen concentration. Accelerated growth cannot be maintained, however, in 70% O2.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Chick Embryo; Eye; Gizzard, Avian; Heart; Organ Size; Oxygen; Proventriculus; Time Factors; Wings, Animal
PubMed: 6867500
DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(83)90132-9 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Jun 2019Small for gestational age (SGA) is frequently used to define fetal growth restriction (FGR). However, FGR describes a slowdown in fetal growth and is not synonymous with...
BACKGROUND
Small for gestational age (SGA) is frequently used to define fetal growth restriction (FGR). However, FGR describes a slowdown in fetal growth and is not synonymous with SGA, which may introduce misclassification. We investigated the effect of both on delivery and childhood outcomes.
METHODS
From a prospective population-based cohort study we included 7959 live singleton births with data available on second trimester estimated fetal weight (EFW) and birth weight. We used a decrease in growth of > 40 percentiles between second trimester EFW and birthweight to define a deceleration in growth. SGA was defined as birthweight
RESULTS
Deceleration of growth occurred in 27,2% in SGA neonates and in 10,3% of neonates with an appropriate for gestational age (AGA) birthweight. Of all fetuses with decelerated growth, 90% was born AGA. SGA neonates were more often delivered by instrumental delivery or cesarean section and admitted to NICU. Both decelerated growth and SGA were associated with accelerated growth at 2 years, a smaller aortic diameter and lower left ventricular mass at 6 years.
CONCLUSIONS
Both decelerated growth and SGA are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in childhood. In addition to SGA, neonates with deceleration of growth should be considered a high-risk group.
Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Deceleration; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Development; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetal Weight; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Live Birth; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 31248385
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2358-8