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Advances in Marine Biology 2016To persist in an ocean changing in temperature, pH and other stressors related to climate change, many marine species will likely need to acclimatize or adapt to avoid... (Review)
Review
To persist in an ocean changing in temperature, pH and other stressors related to climate change, many marine species will likely need to acclimatize or adapt to avoid extinction. If marine populations possess adequate genetic variation in tolerance to climate change stressors, species might be able to adapt to environmental change. Marine climate change research is moving away from single life stage studies where individuals are directly placed into projected scenarios ('future shock' approach), to focus on the adaptive potential of populations in an ocean that will gradually change over coming decades. This review summarizes studies that consider the adaptive potential of marine invertebrates to climate change stressors and the methods that have been applied to this research, including quantitative genetics, laboratory selection studies and trans- and multigenerational experiments. Phenotypic plasticity is likely to contribute to population persistence providing time for genetic adaptation to occur. Transgenerational and epigenetic effects indicate that the environmental and physiological history of the parents can affect offspring performance. There is a need for long-term, multigenerational experiments to determine the influence of phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation and transgenerational effects on species' capacity to persist in a changing ocean. However, multigenerational studies are only practicable for short generation species. Consideration of multiple morphological and physiological traits, including changes in molecular processes (eg, DNA methylation) and long-term studies that facilitate acclimatization will be essential in making informed predictions of how the seascape and marine communities will be altered by climate change.
Topics: Acclimatization; Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Climate Change; Epigenomics; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Variation; Invertebrates; Oceans and Seas; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 27573050
DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.06.001 -
Communications Biology Jan 2023Ocean acidification caused by shifts in ocean carbonate chemistry resulting from increased atmospheric CO concentrations is threatening many calcifying organisms,...
Ocean acidification caused by shifts in ocean carbonate chemistry resulting from increased atmospheric CO concentrations is threatening many calcifying organisms, including corals. Here we assessed autotrophy vs heterotrophy shifts in the Mediterranean zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Balanophyllia europaea acclimatized to low pH/high pCO conditions at a CO vent off Panarea Island (Italy). Dinoflagellate endosymbiont densities were higher at lowest pH Sites where changes in the distribution of distinct haplotypes of a host-specific symbiont species, Philozoon balanophyllum, were observed. An increase in symbiont C/N ratios was observed at low pH, likely as a result of increased C fixation by higher symbiont cell densities. δC values of the symbionts and host tissue reached similar values at the lowest pH Site, suggesting an increased influence of autotrophy with increasing acidification. Host tissue δN values of 0‰ strongly suggest that diazotroph N fixation is occurring within the coral tissue/mucus at the low pH Sites, likely explaining the decrease in host tissue C/N ratios with acidification. Overall, our findings show an acclimatization of this coral-dinoflagellate mutualism through trophic adjustment and symbiont haplotype differences with increasing acidification, highlighting that some corals are capable of acclimatizing to ocean acidification predicted under end-of-century scenarios.
Topics: Animals; Anthozoa; Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Seawater; Symbiosis; Dinoflagellida; Acclimatization
PubMed: 36653505
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04327-3 -
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Sep 2000Exposure to altitude results in a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood and a reduction in oxygen content. In an attempt to maintain aerobic... (Review)
Review
Exposure to altitude results in a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood and a reduction in oxygen content. In an attempt to maintain aerobic metabolism during increased effort, a series of acclimatization responses occur. Among the most conspicuous of these responses is an increase in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. The increase in Hb has been construed as the fundamental adaptation enabling increases in aerobic power and performance to occur on return to sea-level. However, the use of altitude to boost training adaptations and improve elite sea-level performance, although tantalizing, is largely unproven. The reasons appear to be many, ranging from the poor experimental designs employed, to the numerous strategies designed to manipulate the altitude experience and the large inter-individual differences in response patterns. However, other factors may also be important. Acclimatization has also been shown to induce alteration in selected properties of the muscle cell, some of which may be counterproductive. The processes involved in cation cycling, as an example, appear to be down-regulated. Changes in these processes could impair certain types of performance.
Topics: Acclimatization; Altitude; Humans; Physical Education and Training
PubMed: 11101269
DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80039-0 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Jun 2024
Topics: Climate Change; Humans; Acclimatization; Hot Temperature; Animals
PubMed: 38836542
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00265.2024 -
Biological Research 2013In the past two decades, Chile has developed intense mining activity in the Andes mountain range, whose altitude is over 4,000 meters above sea level. It is estimated... (Review)
Review
In the past two decades, Chile has developed intense mining activity in the Andes mountain range, whose altitude is over 4,000 meters above sea level. It is estimated that a workforce population of over 55,000 is exposed to high altitude hypobaric hypoxia. The miners work under shift systems which vary from 4 to 20 days at the worksite followed by rest days at sea level, in a cycle repeated for several years. This Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia (CIH) constitutes an unusual condition for workers involving a series of changes at the physiological, cellular and molecular levels attempting to compensate for the decrease in the environmental partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂). The mine worker must become acclimatized to CIH, and consequently undergoes an acute acclimatization process when he reaches the worksite and an acute reverse process when he reaches sea level. We have observed that after a period of 3 to 8 years of CIH exposure workers acclimatize well, and evidence from our studies and those of others indicates that CIH induces acute and chronic multisystem adjustments which are effective in offsetting the reduced availability of oxygen at high altitudes. The aims of this review are to summarize findings of the physiological responses to CIH exposure, highlighting outstanding issues in the field.
Topics: Acclimatization; Altitude; Antioxidants; Atmospheric Pressure; Chile; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Mining; Oxidative Stress; Polycythemia; Wilderness Medicine
PubMed: 23760416
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-97602013000100009 -
International Journal of Biometeorology May 2021As the twenty-first-Century Maritime Silk Road tourism program aims on development of new tourist routes with special interest on the polar regions of the Arctic and the...
As the twenty-first-Century Maritime Silk Road tourism program aims on development of new tourist routes with special interest on the polar regions of the Arctic and the Antarctic, as well as the Tibetan Plateau, management of climate risks in travels and their reduction is an important issue for achievement of its goals at national and local levels. Acclimatization is crucial for adventurous tourists, and especially for those traveling to extremely cold and highly elevated environments, when climate and weather in tourist destination differ significantly from those at home. The Acclimatization Thermal Strain Index for Tourism (ATSIT) is designed and used to measure numerically the physiological expenses a traveler pays during the acclimatization process. The purpose of the present study is to examine acclimatization consequences for travels from Beijing, capital of China, to destinations at the Arctic, the Antarctic, and the Tibetan Plateau, collectively referred to as the 3Polar regions, during the main seasons of winter and summer, and back. The results show that acclimatizing to cold involves greater physiological strain than adjustment to heat. Acclimatization load in winter is low for all travels from Beijing and back home. ATSIT projections detect the most harmful degree of discomfort for summer travels from Beijing. The greatest acclimatization impact comes when changing locales from hot and humid to cold and dry climatic conditions, which might cause high and very high physiological strain. Moreover, as many destinations in the 3Polar regions, mostly in the Tibetan Plateau, are located in mountains, a special acclimatization plan is required to weaken the threat of mountain sickness. The results will be helpful for warning stakeholders and the decision makers in the tourism sector of economies, and are expected to be translated into action for the development of proper intervention procedures in health control, to minimize population loss.
Topics: Acclimatization; Antarctic Regions; Beijing; China; Tourism
PubMed: 32060648
DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01875-3 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Jun 2023Thermal acclimation allows ectotherms to maintain physiological homeostasis while occupying habitats with constantly changing temperatures. This process is especially...
Thermal acclimation allows ectotherms to maintain physiological homeostasis while occupying habitats with constantly changing temperatures. This process is especially important in skeletal muscle which powers most movements necessary for life. We aimed to understand how fish skeletal muscle is impacted by acclimatization in the laboratory. To accomplish this, we compared muscle contraction kinetics of four-week lab acclimatized fish (at 20 °C) to fish taken directly from the field when sea surface temperatures were similar to lab treatment temperature (ocean temperature ranged from 17.7 to 19.9 °C in the four weeks prior to collection at 20 °C). To examine these effects, we chose to study tautog (Tautoga onitis) and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) from Long Island Sound. We found that timing of contraction kinetics in cunner and tautog did not differ from the lab acclimatized and field acclimatized groups. However, lab acclimatized cunner produced greater contraction force than fish taken directly from the field. This increased force production allowed lab acclimatized cunner to produce greater power when compared to cunner from the field treatment. Furthermore, laboratory acclimatized cunner did not express any slow myosin heavy chain, suggesting that their muscle had transitioned to mostly fast twitch fibers after being held at a constant temperature in the lab. None of these effects were seen in tautog. In this work we highlight the importance of considering the impacts laboratory conditions have on experimental conditions.
Topics: Animals; Fishes; Acclimatization; Perciformes; Temperature; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 36804533
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111409 -
Molecular BioSystems Nov 2014The main physiological challenge in high-altitude plateau environments is hypoxia. When people living in a plain environment migrate to the plateau, they face the threat... (Review)
Review
The main physiological challenge in high-altitude plateau environments is hypoxia. When people living in a plain environment migrate to the plateau, they face the threat of hypoxia. Most people can acclimatize to high altitudes; the acclimatization process mainly consists of short-term hyperventilation and long-term compensation by increased oxygen uptake, transport, and use due to increased red blood cell mass, myoglobin, and mitochondria. If individuals cannot acclimatize to high altitude, they may suffer from a high-altitude disease, such as acute mountain disease (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) or chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Because some individuals are more susceptible to high altitude diseases than others, the incidence of these high-altitude diseases is variable and cannot be predicted. Studying "omes" using genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, immunomics, glycomics and RNomics can help us understand the factors that mediate susceptibility to high altitude illnesses. Moreover, analysis of the "omes" using a systems biology approach may provide a greater understanding of high-altitude illness pathogenesis and improve the efficiency of the diagnosis and treatment of high-altitude illnesses in the future. Below, we summarize the current literature regarding the role of "omes" in high-altitude acclimatization/adaptation and disease and discuss key research gaps to better understand the contribution of "omes" to high-altitude illness susceptibility.
Topics: Acclimatization; Acute Disease; Altitude Sickness; Brain Edema; Genomics; Humans; Pulmonary Edema; Systems Biology
PubMed: 25099339
DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00119b -
The Journal of Physiology Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Altitude; Adrenergic Agents; Acclimatization; Hemodynamics; Hypoxia; Regional Blood Flow
PubMed: 36314729
DOI: 10.1113/JP283688 -
Giornale Italiano Di Medicina Del... Sep 2022Background. Aim of our study was to measure the first responses to hypobaric hypoxia: changes in ventilation minute, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation which are...
Background. Aim of our study was to measure the first responses to hypobaric hypoxia: changes in ventilation minute, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation which are important parameters involved in the health of mine-workers at high-altitude. Material and Methods. We develop a study of parameters mentioned on Chilean miners working in an underground mine at high altitude, between 3.070 and 3.656 masl, in an unusual shift system consisting of 12-hour daily work during 4 days, and consecutive 4 resting days. The results obtained at high altitude are contrasted with the corresponding for clerks working at 800 masl. Results. Either miners who has work less than 6 months at HA as those who are exposed at their workplace to contaminants, as diesel and others, show Hemoglobin Saturation below 90%. Heart Rate increases in response to exposure to acute and/or chronic hypoxia at high altitude. Miners during their resting period at 800 masl or less show an average heart rate lower than clerks no exposed to high altitude. Average Minute Volume of miners at high altitude, on each and every day of the shift, is higher than the mean volume of clerks at 800 masl. Conclusions. The most of studied miners present acclimatization responses at high altitude in all the studied parameters. The increase in Minute Volume implies a risky condition due to the increase of inhaled toxic inherent to the production process. It appears as an urgency to study the combined effects of hypobaric at high altitude and toxics present at the underground mine.
Topics: Humans; Altitude; Hypoxia; Mining; Acclimatization; Hemoglobins
PubMed: 36622823
DOI: No ID Found