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Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jan 2010While the stress associated with acute exercise has been reported to induce significant lymphocyte apoptosis, not all investigations have confirmed this finding.... (Review)
Review
While the stress associated with acute exercise has been reported to induce significant lymphocyte apoptosis, not all investigations have confirmed this finding. Regardless of animal or human subjects, exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis may be induced via an external receptor-mediated pathway, or internally via the mitochondria through an oxidative-mediated pathway. On the other hand, investigators reporting no effect of acute exercise on lymphocyte apoptosis speculate that cell death may be dissociated from these pathways, and explain exercise lymphocytopenia by selective migration of the lymphocytes back into the lymphoid pools. Discrepancies may be due to sensitivity issues related to the methodology used to assess cell death. Limitations to various methods used to evaluate exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis are detailed, and considerations for a new technique are outlined.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Exercise; Humans; Lymphocytes; Lymphopenia; Mice; Rats; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 20036894
DOI: 10.2741/e106 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Feb 1994Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a newly characterized cytokine that has a unique heterodimeric structure. It was initially cloned from B lymphoblastoid cell lines, but the... (Review)
Review
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a newly characterized cytokine that has a unique heterodimeric structure. It was initially cloned from B lymphoblastoid cell lines, but the majority of IL-12 is produced by macrophages/monocytes following appropriate stimulation. IL-12 can (1) enhance the cytolytic activity of a number of effector cells including T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells, and macrophages, (2) increase proliferation of activated NK and T cells, (3) induce production of cytokines, such as interferon gamma, (4) stimulate the induction of TH1 cells, (5) upregulate a number of cell surface molecules, (6) inhibit IgE secretion, and (7) act as a synergistic factor for hematopoietic stem cells. Based on these potent immunomodulatory activities, IL-12 has been evaluated in several disease models for parasitic infections and malignancies. Marked activity of IL-12 against both Leishmania and Toxoplasma has been reported. Likewise, antimetastatic and antitumor activity, including tumor regression, has been observed against a number of murine malignancies treated with IL-12 using doses that result in little toxicity. The results suggest that IL-12 may be a useful cytokine for the treatment of a number of diseases.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Division; Cytokines; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Interleukin-12; Interleukins; Leishmaniasis; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis; Mice; Neoplasms, Experimental; T-Lymphocytes; Toxoplasmosis, Animal
PubMed: 7905508
DOI: 10.1002/jlb.55.2.280 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2014Glucose and glutamine are important energetic and biosynthetic nutrients for T and B lymphocytes. These cells consume both nutrients at high rates in a... (Review)
Review
Glucose and glutamine are important energetic and biosynthetic nutrients for T and B lymphocytes. These cells consume both nutrients at high rates in a function-dependent manner. In other words, the pathways that control lymphocyte function and survival directly control the glucose and glutamine metabolic pathways. Therefore, lymphocytes in different functional states reprogram their glucose and glutamine metabolism to balance their requirement for ATP and macromolecule production. The tight association between metabolism and function in these cells was suggested to introduce the possibility of several pathologies resulting from the inability of lymphocytes to meet their nutrient demands under a given condition. In fact, disruptions in lymphocyte metabolism and function have been observed in different inflammatory, metabolic, and autoimmune pathologies. Regular physical exercise and physical activity offer protection against several chronic pathologies, and this benefit has been associated with the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of exercise/physical activity. Chronic exercise induces changes in lymphocyte functionality and substrate metabolism. In the present review, we discuss whether the beneficial effects of exercise on lymphocyte function in health and disease are associated with modulation of the glucose and glutamine metabolic pathways.
Topics: Animals; Exercise; Glucose; Glutamine; Humans; Lymphocytes; Physical Conditioning, Animal
PubMed: 24987195
DOI: 10.1155/2014/326803 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2003Exercise affects lymphocytes as reflected in total blood counts and the lymphocyte proliferative response. In addition, the production of immunoglobulins is impaired and... (Review)
Review
Exercise affects lymphocytes as reflected in total blood counts and the lymphocyte proliferative response. In addition, the production of immunoglobulins is impaired and during exercise the natural killer cell activity increases followed by suppression in the recovery period. Cardiopulmonary adjustments play a major role in lymphocyte response to physical activity. During intense exercise, the activated sympathetic nervous system increases blood flow to muscle as blood flow to splanchnic organs decreases. After exercise, sympathetic tone and blood pressure becomes reduced. The spleen contains lymphocytes and blood resides in gut vessels. A change in blood flow to these organs could affect the number of circulating lymphocytes. Reduced production of immunoglobulins results from suppressed B-cell function and, in response to exercise, mucosal immunity appears to decrease. Pulmonary hyperventilation and enhanced pressure in pulmonary vessels induce increased permeability of airway epithelium and stress failure of the alveolar-capillary membrane during intense exercise. A physiological perspective is of importance for evaluation of the exercise-induced change in lymphocyte function and, in turn, to post-exercise increased susceptibility to infections.
Topics: Blood Volume; Clinical Trials as Topic; Exercise; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Killer Cells, Natural; Liver Circulation; Lymphocytes; Spleen
PubMed: 12959623
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333110-00005 -
Seminars in Immunology Dec 2012Immunological function requires metabolic support to suit the needs of lymphocytes at a variety of distinct differentiation and activation states. It is now evident that... (Review)
Review
Immunological function requires metabolic support to suit the needs of lymphocytes at a variety of distinct differentiation and activation states. It is now evident that the signaling pathways that drive lymphocyte survival and activity can directly control cellular metabolism. This linkage provides a mechanism by which activation and specific signaling pathways provide a supply of appropriate and required nutrients to support cell functions in a pro-active supply rather than consumption-based metabolic model. In this way, the metabolism and fuel choices of lymphocytes are guided to specifically match the anticipated needs. If the fuel choice or metabolic pathways of lymphocytes are dysregulated, however, metabolic checkpoints can become activated to disrupt immunological function. These changes are now shown in several immunological diseases and may open new opportunities to selectively enhance or suppress specific immune functions through targeting of glucose, lipid, or amino acid metabolism.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Glucose; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 23290889
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.12.002 -
Pathology and Immunopathology Research 1988The results of lymphocyte immunophenotyping in a variety of autoimmune disorders confirm major T cell immunoregulatory defects. The defects associated with autoreactive... (Review)
Review
The results of lymphocyte immunophenotyping in a variety of autoimmune disorders confirm major T cell immunoregulatory defects. The defects associated with autoreactive T cells appear to exist at the level/interface of the CD4 inducer of suppression and the CD8 effector cell. Although activated CD4 cells are occasionally found, subpopulations of activated CD8 cells are seen more commonly. A similar observation has been made in a subpopulation of patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. In conjunction with antigen-specific T cell clones, we anticipate that flow cytometry will continue to aid in the further dissection of these HLA-restricted, anti-idiotype-controlled and pharmacological-mediated reactions. The known immunological distinction between AML and ALL are such that blast immunophenotyping will confirm and complement the clinical and morphological diagnosis in the vast majority of patients. With regards to chronic lymphocytosis in general and CLL in particular, flow cytometry offers an unusual opportunity to characterize lineage, monoclonality, stage of differentiation, presence or absence of activation antigens, aneuploidy and oncogene expression. Flow cytometry will continue to contribute to our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of CLL.
Topics: Antigens, Surface; Autoimmune Diseases; Cell Separation; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell; Lymphocytes; Phenotype
PubMed: 3068665
DOI: 10.1159/000157126 -
Canadian Journal of Physiology and... May 1998Alterations in leukocyte concentrations in the blood are associated with exercise, stress, and other pathophysiological perturbations. The continuous migration and... (Review)
Review
Alterations in leukocyte concentrations in the blood are associated with exercise, stress, and other pathophysiological perturbations. The continuous migration and redistribution of cells of the recirculating lymphocyte pool between the blood and lymphatic systems can be influenced by a variety of physiological, immunological, and pathological processes. The phenotypic distribution of lymphocyte subsets is not the same in blood, afferent lymph, and efferent lymph, and cell-tracking experiments have shown that lymphocytes vary in their migratory properties. The most comprehensive physiological studies tracking these cells in vivo have been done in sheep. It has been shown that lymph-derived cells have different migratory capacities than blood-derived lymphocytes, that antigenic challenge of a single lymph node can first reduce the output of lymphocytes from the node and then markedly increase the recruitment from the blood and subsequently the output into efferent lymph. In most mammals, the blood pool of lymphocytes represents only about 1% of the total lymphocytes and only a small fraction of the recirculating lymphocyte pool. Therefore, testing the effects of exercise on lymphocyte recirculation by examining blood samples only requires considerable deduction and inference to interpret multicompartmental effects.
Topics: Brain; Cell Movement; Cytokines; Exercise; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Lymph; Lymphocytes; Time Factors
PubMed: 9839074
DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-76-5-490 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Mar 2001This brief review will discuss an exciting new area in exercise science, namely the role of apoptosis or programmed cell death in exercise. Apoptotic cell death differs... (Review)
Review
This brief review will discuss an exciting new area in exercise science, namely the role of apoptosis or programmed cell death in exercise. Apoptotic cell death differs morphologically and biochemically from necrotic cell death, although both appear to occur after exercise. Accelerated apoptosis has been documented to occur in a variety of disease states, such as AIDS and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in the aging heart. In striking contrast, failure to activate this genetically regulated cell death may result in cancer and certain viral infections. We will discuss factors that may activate apoptosis during and after exercise and the importance of cell turnover after exercise. We will also discuss differences in apoptosis between lymphocyte and skeletal muscle cells. We speculate that exercise-induced apoptosis is a normal regulatory process that serves to remove certain damaged cells without a pronounced inflammatory response, thus ensuring optimal body function.
Topics: Apoptosis; Exercise; Humans; Inflammation; Lymphocytes; Muscle, Skeletal; Necrosis
PubMed: 11252065
DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200103000-00010 -
Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry :... 2000Osmotic swelling of lymphocytes opens outwardly rectifying Cl(-) channels (ORCC) through the src-like kinase p56(lck). The central role of this tyrosine protein kinase... (Review)
Review
Osmotic swelling of lymphocytes opens outwardly rectifying Cl(-) channels (ORCC) through the src-like kinase p56(lck). The central role of this tyrosine protein kinase has been shown by genetic and pharmacologic manipulation of the enzyme. Furthermore, p56(lck) activates ORCC independently of cell volume increase. ORCC in lymphocytes and epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are resistant to activation by cAMP. However, osmotic swelling as well as intracellular purified p56(lck) can activate ORCC in CF lymphocytes. In non-CF lymphocytes ORCC is opened by either, intracellular cAMP, p56(lck) or by osmotic swelling. Osmotic activation of ORCC can be blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lavendustin in both cell types. Regulation of ORCC by p56(lck) thus represents an alternative pathway of stimulating membrane chloride conductance that is left functional in cystic fibrosis. In addition to osmoregulation these mechanisms could play a major role when cells actively change their volume, i.e. during proliferation and apoptosis. Activation of the tyrosine kinase p56(lck) is an important regulatory step for opening of chloride channels in lymphocytes.
Topics: Animals; Chloride Channels; Humans; Ion Channel Gating; Lymphocytes; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
PubMed: 11125210
DOI: 10.1159/000016363 -
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews Jul 2017Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation and adoptive transfer immunotherapy are effective in treating blood cancers and posttransplant infections, but... (Review)
Review
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation and adoptive transfer immunotherapy are effective in treating blood cancers and posttransplant infections, but low-circulating cell numbers in patients and donors are oftentimes a limiting factor. We postulate that a single exercise bout will increase the yield of patient- and donor-derived HSCs and cytotoxic lymphocytes to improve this form of treatment for cancer patients.
Topics: Exercise; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Killer Cells, Natural; Lymphocyte Count; Neoplasms; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 28418996
DOI: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000114