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Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Feb 2008
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitussive Agents; Bronchitis; Humans; Prognosis
PubMed: 18272643
DOI: No ID Found -
Therapeutische Umschau. Revue... Apr 1992Acute bronchitis and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are important problems in clinical practice. Acute bronchitis is frequently caused by viruses, and rarely by... (Review)
Review
Acute bronchitis and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are important problems in clinical practice. Acute bronchitis is frequently caused by viruses, and rarely by Mycoplasma or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrobial therapy is generally not indicated. The causes of exacerbations in patients with chronic bronchitis are often not clear. Beside environmental irritants and hypersensitivity with acute bronchospasm, viral infections are important. The role of bacterial infections is not established. Nevertheless, early antibiotic treatment seems to be beneficial, particularly in reducing the incidence of respiratory deterioration, and therefore decreasing cost and morbidity.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Expectorants; Humans; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 1615456
DOI: No ID Found -
The Nurse Practitioner Jan 1997This article reviews the existing literature about acute bronchitis, a condition commonly diagnosed but poorly defined. The little epidemiologic research that has been... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the existing literature about acute bronchitis, a condition commonly diagnosed but poorly defined. The little epidemiologic research that has been done has failed to identify a microbiologic etiology approximately 60% to 85% of the time. The majority of cases appear to be caused by viruses, but 25% of adults with nonspecific lower respiratory symptoms may actually have pertussis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae probably play minor roles. Although clinicians frequently prescribe antibiotics to patients they have diagnosed with acute bronchitis, there is little evidence in support. General treatment studies have failed to demonstrate benefit, and the natural history of even potentially curable pathogens is not altered by antimicrobial therapy. Some recent studies suggest that albuterol may be the best treatment choice for acute bronchitis; it can successfully ameliorate symptoms, and does not pose the same public health risk as inappropriate antibiotics do. Erythromycin may occasionally be indicated for patients in frequent contact with small infants not yet immunized against pertussis, but careful surveillance of the child is probably more effective than treating the contagious adult.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Bronchodilator Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Management; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 9004313
DOI: No ID Found -
Comprehensive Therapy 2004In managing acute bronchitis, pneumonia or an exacerbation of underlying chronic bronchitis should be excluded. Simple bronchitis is best treated symptomatically while... (Review)
Review
In managing acute bronchitis, pneumonia or an exacerbation of underlying chronic bronchitis should be excluded. Simple bronchitis is best treated symptomatically while an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis can be treated with antibiotics. Broad spectrum antibiotics are appropriate in selected patients.
Topics: Acute Disease; Algorithms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Bronchitis, Chronic; Humans
PubMed: 15162593
DOI: 10.1007/s12019-004-0025-z -
Missouri Medicine 2021Plastic Bronchitis (PB) is a rare pulmonary condition characterized by the presence of casts in the trachea or bronchial tree. While there are many individual cases... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF STUDY
Plastic Bronchitis (PB) is a rare pulmonary condition characterized by the presence of casts in the trachea or bronchial tree. While there are many individual cases reported in pediatric and adult populations, no thorough reviews of pediatric and adult cases of PB exist in the literature. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comprehensive review of PB regarding presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatments.
ETIOLOGY
In the pediatric population, PB can be attributed to pediatric cardiothoracic surgeries such as Fontan procedures, infections, inflammatory processes, acute chest syndrome, or iatrogenic processes. In the adult population, PB can be idiopathic or due to infections, anatomic variations in lymphatic vessels, surgeries, medications, or other comorbidities.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The pathophysiology of PB is still widely unknown; however, associations with inflammatory diseases and cardiac surgery have been proposed. There are two types of cast formations found in plastic bronchitis: Type I casts are associated with inflammatory diseases and Type II casts are associated with surgical procedures.
TREATMENT
Historically, PB has been treated by a variety of pharmacological methods including the use of corticosteroids and mucolytics. Recently, the treatment paradigm has shifted towards procedures such as lymphatic embolization, duct ligation, and stent grafting.
CONCLUSIONS
The information available regarding PB is still sparse, hence future research is necessary for further understanding of the disease. Due to its numerous presentations and disease associations, awareness of plastic bronchitis, and its treatment options is essential for primary care providers and respiratory specialists.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Bronchitis; Child; Fontan Procedure; Humans; Lymphatic Vessels; Plastics
PubMed: 34373673
DOI: No ID Found -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2006
Review
Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Humans; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 17108344
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp061493 -
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift May 2006
Review
Topics: Bronchitis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Influenza, Human; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 17025205
DOI: 10.1007/s11812-006-0004-7 -
Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont,... 1995Although questions persist on the precise role of infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and on the overall benefit of antibiotic therapy of acute... (Review)
Review
Although questions persist on the precise role of infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and on the overall benefit of antibiotic therapy of acute episodes, antibiotic therapy is considered an important part of the management of patients. It has to obey precise rules and obviously must be associated with preventive measures that can help to reduce both frequency and severity of acute exacerbations. The modifications of the susceptibility pattern to antibiotics of the two main bacteria involved deserve special attention to control the extension of the problem and define new therapeutic strategies. At present the currently recommended regimens are still valuable.
Topics: Acute Disease; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans
PubMed: 9158750
DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1995.1.159 -
Immunology and Cell Biology Oct 1995Acute bronchitis has been studied as a model of disturbed mucosal immunoregulation. A new hypothesis relating to the pathogenesis of acute bronchitis has been developed,... (Review)
Review
Acute bronchitis has been studied as a model of disturbed mucosal immunoregulation. A new hypothesis relating to the pathogenesis of acute bronchitis has been developed, based on altered host response as the prime mover. Infection-prone subjects had low levels of lysozyme. Effective oral immunization, especially if early, reduced levels of bacterial colonization. Future attention focuses on intra bronchial inflammation and its link to the host-parasite relationship.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunization
PubMed: 8595918
DOI: 10.1038/icb.1995.64 -
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Mar 2007Acute bronchitis is one of the most common infections reported in children under 5 years of age, and is a leading cause of hospitalisation. In general practice,... (Review)
Review
Acute bronchitis is one of the most common infections reported in children under 5 years of age, and is a leading cause of hospitalisation. In general practice, confusion surrounds the clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis, especially when distinguishing it from asthma. The microbiological causes are mostly known, but the contribution of each is much less clear, and they are non-specific in their clinical expression in individual cases. Viral pathogens, particularly respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses are cited as the leading agents in the development of serious episodes, but other pathogens may also be important. This article covers a range of issues surrounding acute bronchitis, including epidemiology and pathogenesis, as well as the management, prevention and treatment of disease in children.
Topics: Acute Disease; Bronchitis; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Incidence
PubMed: 17309336
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.4.415