-
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Sep 1983
Review
Topics: Acyclovir; Animals; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 6313590
DOI: No ID Found -
Harefuah Aug 1990
Review
Topics: Acyclovir; Communicable Diseases; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans
PubMed: 2172127
DOI: No ID Found -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 1987Eighteen children from 3 weeks to 6.9 years of age were given an oral acyclovir suspension for herpes simplex or varicella-zoster virus infections. Thirteen patients who...
Eighteen children from 3 weeks to 6.9 years of age were given an oral acyclovir suspension for herpes simplex or varicella-zoster virus infections. Thirteen patients who were 6 months to 6.9 years old received 600 mg/m2 per dose, and three infants and two children less than 2 years old were given 300 mg/m2 per dose. The drug was given four times a day, except to one infant who was treated with three doses a day. Among the 13 children who received the 600-mg/m2 dose, the maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax) was 0.99 +/- 0.38 microgram/ml (mean +/- standard deviation), the time to maximum concentration (Tmax) was 3.0 +/- 0.86 h, the area under the curve (AUC) was 5.56 +/- 2.17 micrograms.h/ml, and the elimination half-life (t1/2) was 2.59 +/- 0.78 h. The three infants less than 2 months of age who received the 300-mg/m2 dose had a Cmax of 1.88 +/- 1.11 micrograms/ml, a Tmax of 4.10 +/- 0.48 h, an AUC of 6.54 +/- 4.32 micrograms.h/ml, and a t1/2 of 3.26 +/- 0.33 h. The acyclovir suspension was well tolerated by young children. No adverse effects requiring discontinuation of the drug occurred.
Topics: Acyclovir; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Suspensions
PubMed: 2829714
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.31.11.1722 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Jul 2008Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) is usually acquired early in life, with 50% of people from higher and 80% from lower socioeconomic groups in the USA... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) is usually acquired early in life, with 50% of people from higher and 80% from lower socioeconomic groups in the USA having antibodies by the age of 30 years. Attacks usually resolve spontaneously within 1-2 weeks, but 50% of people will experience a recurrence within 10 years.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments in people with epithelial keratitis? What are the effects of treatments in people with stomal keratitis? What are the effects of interventions to prevent recurrence of ocular herpes simplex? What are the effects of interventions to prevent recurrence of ocular herpes simplex in people with corneal grafts? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2007 (BMJ Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found seven systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: adding oral aciclovir to topical corticosteroids plus topical antiviral treatment; adding topical corticosteroids to topical antiviral treatment; antiviral agents (topical); debridement; interferons (topical); and oral aciclovir.
Topics: Acute Disease; Acyclovir; Administration, Oral; Antiviral Agents; Debridement; Humans; Interferons; Keratitis, Herpetic; Recurrence
PubMed: 19445742
DOI: No ID Found -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Apr 2003Immunocompromised patients are developing in an increasing frequency acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex infections. Different treatment options need to be evaluated...
Immunocompromised patients are developing in an increasing frequency acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex infections. Different treatment options need to be evaluated considering the possible side effects in regard to the patients' immunocompromised status. A 73-year-old woman with B-cell lymphatic leukemia with a secondary antibody deficiency syndrome and anemia suffered for one year with perianal ulcerations caused by acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex infection Type II. Based on previous reports about successful treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex infections with foscarnet, cidofovir or vidarabine and considering the different side effects of these drugs as well as the underlying diseases of the patient, we treated her with foscarnet intravenously. After 3 months the ulcers showed a nearly complete remission.
Topics: Acyclovir; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Foscarnet; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Time Factors
PubMed: 12669211
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-003-0502-9 -
International Journal of Dermatology Apr 1991
Topics: Acyclovir; Administration, Oral; Edema; Female; Humans
PubMed: 2050466
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1991.tb04650.x -
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy Dec 2007Acyclovir is a potent anti-viral agent useful in the treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infections. Acyclovir exerts its antiviral activity by competitive...
Acyclovir is a potent anti-viral agent useful in the treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infections. Acyclovir exerts its antiviral activity by competitive inhibition of viral DNA through selective binding of acyclovir to HSV-thymidine kinase. The main purpose of this work was to develop self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for oral bioavailability enhancement of acyclovir. Solubility of acyclovir was determined in various vehicles. SMEDDS is mixture of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, which are emulsified in aqueous media under conditions of gentle agitation and digestive motility that would be encountered in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the efficient self-emulsifying region dilution study was also performed for optimization of formulation. SMEDDS was evaluated for its percentage transmittance, Assay of SMEDDS, phase separation study, droplet size analysis, zeta potential, electrophoretic mobility, and viscosity. The developed SMEDDS formulation contained acyclovir (50 mg), Tween 60 (60%), glycerol (30%) and sunflower oil (9%) was compared with the pure drug solution by oral administrating to male albino rats. The absorption of acyclovir from SMEDDS form resulted about 3.5 fold increase in bioavailability compared with the pure drug solution. Our studies illustrated the potential use of SMEDDS for the delivery of hydrophobic compounds such as acyclovir by oral route.
Topics: Acyclovir; Administration, Oral; Animals; Biological Availability; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Male; Particle Size; Rats; Solubility; Viscosity
PubMed: 18097805
DOI: 10.1080/03639040701385527 -
European Journal of Clinical... 1984A515U (6-deoxyacyclovir) is an analogue of acyclovir devoid of antiviral activity in vitro but which is well absorbed and undergoes conversion to acyclovir after oral...
A515U (6-deoxyacyclovir) is an analogue of acyclovir devoid of antiviral activity in vitro but which is well absorbed and undergoes conversion to acyclovir after oral administration to rats. The tolerance and pharmacokinetics of various doses of A515U have been studied in 8 healthy volunteers. Single oral doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg A515U and 400 mg acyclovir for comparison were administered to the volunteers at weekly intervals. Concentrations of the parent drug and acyclovir were determined in plasma and urine. The prodrug was well tolerated and did not cause adverse reactions or changes in haematological or biochemical variables. It was well absorbed and conversion to acyclovir was rapid and extensive at all doses. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir achieved with 50 mg A515U orally were comparable to and less variable than those produced by 400 mg acyclovir. A515U was rapidly cleared with a short plasma elimination half life of approximately 0.5 h. The attainment of high plasma concentrations of acyclovir by oral administration of a prodrug may represent an important advance in antiviral chemotherapy.
Topics: Absorption; Acyclovir; Adult; Biotransformation; Blood Pressure; Drug Tolerance; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Pulse
PubMed: 6549167
DOI: 10.1007/BF00549597 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) Jun 2014The incidence of varicella is low in pregnant women, and estimated around 1/1000 pregnancies. Vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention, but is contraindicated during... (Review)
Review
The incidence of varicella is low in pregnant women, and estimated around 1/1000 pregnancies. Vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention, but is contraindicated during pregnancy. Varicella is more severe in pregnant women. The risk of viral pneumonia is not increased, but VZV-associated pneumonia is usually more severe in pregnant women. Infection between 0-20 WG is associated with a 2 % risk of congenital varicella syndrome. Infection between D-5 and D+2 of delivery is associated with high risk of severe neonatal infection. Non-immune pregnant women with significant exposure to VZV require post-exposure prophylaxis with specific anti-VZV immunoglobulins that should be administered ideally within 4 days post-exposure and maximum within 10 days of exposure. Anti-VZV immunoglobulins are available in France in the context of an approved expanded access to an investigational new drug. Pregnant women with varicella should receive within 24 hours antiviral treatment based either on valaciclovir or, in case of severe infection, intravenous aciclovir. Both drugs were shown safe during pregnancy, even during the first trimester. Neonates born from mothers who developed varicella between D-5 and D+2 of delivery should also receive as soon as possible specific anti-VZV immunoglobulins.
Topics: Acyclovir; Adolescent; Adult; Chickenpox; Chickenpox Vaccine; Contraindications; Female; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Valacyclovir; Valine
PubMed: 24863663
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.04.001 -
Praxis Sep 2008The seroprevalence of chickenpox in countries with temperate climate is very high among young people. Only 4% of the infections occur in adults but the clinical course... (Review)
Review
The seroprevalence of chickenpox in countries with temperate climate is very high among young people. Only 4% of the infections occur in adults but the clinical course is usually more severe than in children. In adults, The mortality is approximately 40 times higher and the complication rate 25 times higher than in children. Pneumonia is the most frequent complication in adults and may be extremely severe in immunocompromised patients and in pregnant women. Pneumonia must be promptly treated with intravenous aciclovir. Vaccination is indicated in young seronegative patients with supplemental risk factors for severe complications. It is also effective post exposure, preventing or modifying the illness course in up to 90% of exposed people if given within 3 days. Immunoglobulins may be effective as late as 96 hours after exposure. They are frequently used for exposed people at high risk of severe disease, when varicella vaccine is contraindicated.
Topics: Acyclovir; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Chickenpox; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Pneumonia, Viral; Valacyclovir; Valine
PubMed: 18821502
DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157.97.19.1037