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The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Feb 2010The innate immune system provides critical mechanisms for the rapid sensing and elimination of pathogens. Adaptive immunity has evolved to provide a broader and more... (Review)
Review
The innate immune system provides critical mechanisms for the rapid sensing and elimination of pathogens. Adaptive immunity has evolved to provide a broader and more finely tuned repertoire of recognition for both self- and nonself-antigens. Adaptive immunity involves a tightly regulated interplay between antigen-presenting cells and T and B lymphocytes, which facilitate pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways, generation of immunologic memory, and regulation of host immune homeostasis. Lymphocytes develop and are activated within a series of lymphoid organs comprising the lymphatic system. During development, sets of gene segments are rearranged and assembled to create genes encoding the specific antigen receptors of T and B lymphocytes. The rearrangement mechanism generates a tremendously diverse repertoire of receptor specificities capable of recognizing components of all potential pathogens. In addition to specificity, another principal feature of adaptive immunity is the generation of immunologic memory. During the first encounter with an antigen (pathogen), sets of long-lived memory T and B cells are established. In subsequent encounters with the same pathogen, the memory cells are quickly activated to yield a more rapid and robust protective response.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Antigen Presentation; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Communication; Epitopes; Humans; Immunogenetic Phenomena; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Subsets; Lymphopoiesis; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 20061006
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.017 -
Annual Review of Immunology 2011The immune system can identify and destroy nascent tumor cells in a process termed cancer immunosurveillance, which functions as an important defense against cancer.... (Review)
Review
The immune system can identify and destroy nascent tumor cells in a process termed cancer immunosurveillance, which functions as an important defense against cancer. Recently, data obtained from numerous investigations in mouse models of cancer and in humans with cancer offer compelling evidence that particular innate and adaptive immune cell types, effector molecules, and pathways can sometimes collectively function as extrinsic tumor-suppressor mechanisms. However, the immune system can also promote tumor progression. Together, the dual host-protective and tumor-promoting actions of immunity are referred to as cancer immunoediting. In this review, we discuss the current experimental and human clinical data supporting a cancer immunoediting process that provide the fundamental basis for further study of immunity to cancer and for the rational design of immunotherapies against cancer.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Surveillance; Neoplasms
PubMed: 21219185
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101324 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S Oct 2020The impact of host adaptive immune response on COVID-19 has now become a critical issue in absence of specific therapy and immunotherapies. In SARS CoV-2 infection, the... (Review)
Review
The impact of host adaptive immune response on COVID-19 has now become a critical issue in absence of specific therapy and immunotherapies. In SARS CoV-2 infection, the immune response is thought to contribute both to the pathogenesis of the disease and to protection during its resolution. While mild cases develop an immune response that contributes to host protection, immunity of severely infected patients is a balance between harmful and protective immune responses. The severity of the disease has raised many questions about the kinetic, amplitude and the quality of adaptive immunity to the virus and its generation during the early phases of infection in severe, mild and asymptomatic patients. The role of antibody and CD4 and CD8 T cell responses have been studied and the development of an adaptive immunity seems to correlate with convalescence. The bioinformatics study of the T and B epitopes of coronaviruses has raised the question of the existence of cross-immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In this review, we discuss the adaptive immune responses and their potential roles in protection during COVID-19.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Immunization, Passive; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; T-Lymphocytes; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 32960167
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020168 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 37197661
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200663 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Adaptive Immunity; COVID-19
PubMed: 36949940
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174178 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for... (Review)
Review
Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition and induction of innate immune responses. Since their discovery, TLRs have revolutionized the field of immunology by filling the gap between the initial recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells and the activation of the adaptive immune response. TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can directly regulate the T cell activation, growth, differentiation, development, and function under diverse physiological conditions. This review provides an overview of TLR signaling pathways and their regulators and discusses how TLR signaling, directly and indirectly, regulates cell-mediated immunity. In addition, we also discuss how TLR signaling is critically important in the host's defense against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Innate; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 35309296
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Aug 2022The concept that only adaptive immunity can build immunological memory has been challenged in the past decade. Live attenuated vaccines such as the Bacillus... (Review)
Review
The concept that only adaptive immunity can build immunological memory has been challenged in the past decade. Live attenuated vaccines such as the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, measles-containing vaccines, and the oral polio vaccine have been shown to reduce overall mortality beyond their effects attributable to the targeted diseases. After an encounter with a primary stimulus, epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of bone marrow progenitor cells and functional changes of tissue immune cell populations result in augmented immune responses against a secondary challenge. This process has been termed trained immunity. This review describes the mechanisms leading to trained immunity and summarizes the most important developments from the past few years.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; BCG Vaccine; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Memory; Mycobacterium bovis; Vaccination
PubMed: 35597182
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102190 -
Nature Methods May 2015
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; DNA; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Mice; RNA; Software
PubMed: 25924071
DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3364 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2018The adaptive immune response has evolved over hundreds of millions of years to have exquisitely specific and durable mechanisms to eliminate pathogenic threats wherever... (Review)
Review
The adaptive immune response has evolved over hundreds of millions of years to have exquisitely specific and durable mechanisms to eliminate pathogenic threats wherever they may occur in the body. Temperature has long been known to influence the response to infections, injuries, and even cancer; however, the mechanistic basis of these effects has only recently come under investigation. The picture that is emerging is that temperature can have varying impacts on adaptive immunity at multiple levels, with elevated temperatures generally promoting the activation, function, and delivery of immune cells, while reduced temperatures inhibit these processes. Here we will discuss the evidence supporting the assertion that temperature is an important modulator of adaptive immunity.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Body Temperature; Humans; Temperature
PubMed: 30454603
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63912-7.00024-2 -
Cellular & Molecular Immunology May 2021The function of lymphocytes is dependent on their plasticity, particularly their adaptation to energy availability and environmental stress, and their protein synthesis... (Review)
Review
The function of lymphocytes is dependent on their plasticity, particularly their adaptation to energy availability and environmental stress, and their protein synthesis machinery. Lymphocytes are constantly under metabolic stress, and macroautophagy/autophagy is the primary metabolic pathway that helps cells overcome stressors. The intrinsic role of autophagy in regulating the metabolism of adaptive immune cells has recently gained increasing attention. In this review, we summarize and discuss the versatile roles of autophagy in regulating cellular metabolism and the implications of autophagy for immune cell function and fate, especially for T and B lymphocytes.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Autophagy; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Lymphocytes; Metabolism; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33785844
DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00662-3