-
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Oct 2012Colorectal polyps are a common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in children. This review updates the information on colorectal polyps and summarizes the recent... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Colorectal polyps are a common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in children. This review updates the information on colorectal polyps and summarizes the recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, and treatment of polyps in the large intestine.
RECENT FINDINGS
A review of recent literature regarding colorectal polyps demonstrates an estimated detected prevalence of 6.1% overall and 12.0% among those with lower gastrointestinal bleeding during pediatric colonoscopy. Non-Caucasian races (e.g., black and Hispanic) are at higher risk for colorectal polyps in childhood. Recent data show juvenile polyps may recur in approximately 45% of children with multiple polyps and 17% of children with solitary polyps. A clinical trial showed that celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, significantly reduced the number of colorectal polyps in children with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Ethical challenges related to genetic tests for FAP have been newly examined. The utility of novel endoscopic techniques (e.g., enteroscopy) in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome to prevent intussusception have been newly described.
SUMMARY
Although colorectal polyps in children are generally benign and easily removed, careful clinical evaluation and ongoing research are needed to identify the small proportion of children at risk for cancer. The current paradigm of using the polyp number at presentation as a primary determinant of subsequent surveillance may be inadequate for many patients.
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Adolescent; Age of Onset; Celecoxib; Child; Child, Preschool; Colonic Polyps; Colorectal Neoplasms; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant; Intestine, Large; Intussusception; Male; Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome; Prevalence; Pyrazoles; Sulfonamides
PubMed: 22890064
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328357419f -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Mar 2007Serrated adenomas can be morphologically subdivided into traditional and sessile types. They are thought to have a comparable rate of cancer progression like... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Serrated adenomas can be morphologically subdivided into traditional and sessile types. They are thought to have a comparable rate of cancer progression like conventional adenomas, but they potentially have a faster rate of growth through methylation pathway(s). They share similar morphologic features with both the conventional adenoma and the hyperplastic polyp in a fashion that is different from a mixed adenoma and a hyperplastic polyp.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the histopathologic features of traditional serrated adenoma and sessile serrated adenoma and their comparison with traditional adenomas and hyperplastic polyp.
DATA SOURCES
Relevant articles in peer-review journals and the authors' working experience as practicing surgical pathologists with a specific interest in gastrointestinal pathology.
CONCLUSIONS
Both types of serrated adenomas, traditional serrated adenoma and sessile serrated adenoma, are morphologically distinct, clinically important entities, and they can be diagnosed accurately in routine practice.
Topics: Adenoma; Adenomatous Polyps; Colonic Polyps; Colorectal Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hyperplasia
PubMed: 17516746
DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-440-HOSAIV -
World Journal of Surgical Oncology Aug 2013An admixture of hyperplastic and adenomatous components within the same polyp is unusual. Adenocarcinoma arising from a mixed hyperplastic/adenomatous polyp (MHAP)...
An admixture of hyperplastic and adenomatous components within the same polyp is unusual. Adenocarcinoma arising from a mixed hyperplastic/adenomatous polyp (MHAP) occurs even more rarely. We report the first case of a 59-year-old male who presented with invasive adenocarcinoma originating from a MHAP at a sigmoid colon and synchronous transverse colon cancer.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenomatous Polyps; Colon, Transverse; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prognosis
PubMed: 23984814
DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-214 -
Surgical Pathology Clinics Sep 2020This review provides an overview of different types of gastric epithelial polyps. The polyps are classified based on their cell or epithelial compartment of origin. Some... (Review)
Review
This review provides an overview of different types of gastric epithelial polyps. The polyps are classified based on their cell or epithelial compartment of origin. Some of these polyps can be considered reactive or nonneoplastic, whereas others are neoplastic in origin, are sometimes associated with a hereditary polyposis/cancer syndrome, and may have malignant potential. The aim of this review is to provide a pragmatic overview for the practicing pathologist about how to correctly diagnose and deal with gastric epithelial polyps and when (not) to ponder, and when (not) to panic.
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Gastric Fundus; Humans; Prognosis; Stomach; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 32773193
DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2020.05.004 -
International Journal of Chronic... 2015Colorectal adenomatous polyps are precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of colorectal adenomatous polyps in...
BACKGROUND
Colorectal adenomatous polyps are precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of colorectal adenomatous polyps in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and determine whether COPD is associated with colorectal malignant potential.
METHODS
Subjects who had undergone post-bronchodilator spirometry and colonoscopy and were 40 years or older were selected from the hospital database. COPD was defined as a spirometry in which the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) is <0.7 in post-bronchodilator spirometry. The non-COPD group was matched for both age and sex, and were defined as having an FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC ≥0.7 in spirometry. Finally, 333 patients were retrospectively reviewed; of this group, 82 patients had COPD.
RESULTS
Among the subjects, 201 patients (60%) were nonsmokers, while 78 (23%) were current smokers. The prevalence of colorectal adenomatous polyps was 39% (98/251) in the non-COPD group and 66% (54/82) in the COPD group. Among 54 patients with adenomatous polyps in the COPD group, 47 had tubular adenoma and seven had villous adenoma. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that only COPD patients whom matched to the criteria of COPD by pulmonary function test (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-3.8; P=0.019) were independently associated with colorectal malignant potential.
CONCLUSION
The risk of colorectal malignant potential in the COPD group was higher than in the non-COPD group. We may suggest that COPD patients should consider regular colonoscopic evaluation to screen for premalignant colon polyps regardless of smoking.
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Colonic Neoplasms; Colonic Polyps; Colonoscopy; Databases, Factual; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Incidence; Logistic Models; Lung; Male; Odds Ratio; Precancerous Conditions; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Republic of Korea; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Prevention; Spirometry; Vital Capacity
PubMed: 26028968
DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S83341 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2008This paper is to review recent information about the relationship of calcium and dairy foods to colon cancer. The review focuses on primary prevention, discusses the... (Review)
Review
This paper is to review recent information about the relationship of calcium and dairy foods to colon cancer. The review focuses on primary prevention, discusses the potential components in dairy foods that might be anti-neoplastic, reviews the epidemiologic information and describes intervention studies demonstrating efficacy of calcium and vitamin D in reducing colorectal polyp recurrence. Since vitamin D is important in cancer prevention, pertinent data is discussed and potential mechanisms of actions presented. Calcium and vitamin D are important agents for the primary prevention of colorectal neoplasia.
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Animals; Calcium; Colonic Neoplasms; Dairy Products; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Vitamin D
PubMed: 18680219
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4429 -
American Journal of Surgery Nov 1955
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Polyps; Rectal Neoplasms; Rectum
PubMed: 13258986
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(55)90702-9 -
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine May 2012Adenomyomatous polyps of the endometrium are a rare subtype of endometrial polyps. In addition to the usual features of endometrial polyps, they also contain a smooth... (Review)
Review
Adenomyomatous polyps of the endometrium are a rare subtype of endometrial polyps. In addition to the usual features of endometrial polyps, they also contain a smooth muscle component. Grossly they appear no different than ordinary endometrial polyps. In the case reported herein, a 23-year-old nulliparous female was killed in a traffic accident. In the course of the medicolegal autopsy, a small pedunculated growth was identified in the fundus of the endometrial cavity. Histologically the mass consisted of endometrial glands intimately mixed with smooth muscle and thick walled blood vessels, consistent with an adenomyomatous polyp. There was no history of tamoxifen use in this individual. To our knowledge this is the first report of post-mortem diagnosis of an adenomyomatous polyp. Furthermore, this is the first report of an individual with this diagnosis younger than the fourth decade. In the medicolegal setting, forensic pathologists are constantly faced with entities that, while they may not have caused death, may serve to educate practitioners about rare lesions. This individual's finding serves as one of those entities. This case reiterates the importance of the autopsy as not only the answer to an individual's death, but as an avenue for the discovery of entities that may have relevance to those who are still living.
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adenomatous Polyps; Endometrial Neoplasms; Endometrium; Female; Forensic Pathology; Humans; Uterus; Young Adult
PubMed: 22520379
DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.02.003 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Aug 2005
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Adult; Colorectal Neoplasms; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 16103463
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0165 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021Gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHP) are frequently found to be benign polyps and have been considered to have a low carcinogenic potential. The characteristics of the...
Gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHP) are frequently found to be benign polyps and have been considered to have a low carcinogenic potential. The characteristics of the hyperplastic polyp-associated gastric cancer (HPAGC) remain unclear. Therefore, we analyzed samples from 102 GHP patients and identified 20 low-grade atypical GHPs (19.6%), 7 high-grade atypical GHPs (6.9%), and 5 intramucosal cancer samples (4.9%). GHP atypia was more common in the elderly and increased with increasing polyp size. In particular, polyps larger than 1 cm were associated with a higher grade and cancer. Furthermore, mucus production decreased with increasing atypia. Although no correlation was found between atypia and Helicobacter pylori infection or intestinal metaplasia, enhanced proliferative ability (Ki-67) did correlate with atypia, as did nuclear 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. Interestingly, 4-hydroxynonenal levels in granulation tissue and the area ratio of granulation tissue within polyps also correlated with GHP atypia. In five cases of HPAGC, three cases exhibited caudal type homeobox transcription factor (CDX2)-positive cells and a mixed mucin phenotype, which is considered to be related to infection. By contrast, two cases were CDX2 negative, with a gastric mucin phenotype, and infection was not observed in the tumor or the surrounding mucosa. In these cases, a v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutation (V600E) was detected. All cancer samples showed high stemness and p53 protein accumulation, but no KRAS mutations. The molecular and phenotypic characteristics of the cases characterized by BRAF mutations may represent a novel subtype of HPAGC, reflecting a conserved pathway to oncogenesis that does not involve infection. These findings are worthy of further investigation in a large-scale study with a substantial cohort of HPAGC patients to establish their clinical significance.
Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Prognosis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 34884530
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312724