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Family Planning Perspectives 1992
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Risk Factors
PubMed: 1601123
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Gynaecology... Aug 2016Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is commonly encountered in clinical practice. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is commonly encountered in clinical practice.
OBJECTIVES
To provide up-to-date guidelines on management of PID.
SEARCH STRATEGY
An initial search of the Cochrane database, PubMed, and Embase was performed using keywords related to PID to identify reports in any language published between January 1990 and January 2012, with an update in May 2015.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All identified reports relevant to the areas of focus were included.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
A level of evidence based on the quality of the data available was applied for each area of focus and used for the guidelines.
MAIN RESULTS
PID must be suspected when spontaneous pelvic pain is associated with induced adnexal or uterine pain (grade C). Pelvic ultrasonography is necessary to exclude tubo-ovarian abscess (grade B). Microbiological diagnosis requires vaginal and endocervical sampling for molecular and bacteriological analysis (grade B). First-line treatment for uncomplicated PID combines ofloxacin and metronidazole for 14days (grade B). Treatment of tubo-ovarian abscess is based on drainage if the collection measures more than 3cm (grade B), with combined ceftriaxone, metronidazole, and doxycycline for 14-21days.
CONCLUSIONS
Current management of PID requires easily reproducible investigations and treatment, and thus can be applied worldwide.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Ceftriaxone; Disease Management; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; France; Humans; Metronidazole; Ofloxacin; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pelvis; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Societies, Medical; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27170602
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.11.028 -
Seminars in Dermatology Jun 1990Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and PID-related sequelae have risen to alarming proportions and are a major public health problem. During the last two decades, an... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and PID-related sequelae have risen to alarming proportions and are a major public health problem. During the last two decades, an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases has led to an epidemic of PID that has now led to a secondary epidemic of tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancies. The direct and indirect economic consequences caused by PID to the community are enormous. The spectrum of clinical manifestations of PID is extremely broad, leading to major diagnostic problems in clinical practice. Although PID is the most preventable cause of tubal damage, PID and PID-related sequelae remain one of the most neglected areas in modern medicine. Prevention of PID should be the main goal of the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of lower genital tract infections. Only better understanding of the risk factors, microbial etiology, pathophysiology, immunopathology, and manifestation of PID can ultimately lead to improved therapeutic results and decrease in the current epidemic of acute, chronic, and late complications of PID.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Risk Factors
PubMed: 2202408
DOI: No ID Found -
British Journal of Obstetrics and... Jan 1998
Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Quality of Life
PubMed: 9442153
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09341.x -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Nov 1986
Topics: Algorithms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Laparotomy; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 3096441
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.293.6556.1225 -
International Journal of STD & AIDS Nov 1990
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 2094401
DOI: 10.1177/095646249000100602 -
Contraception Jul 1987The mechanism of action of intrauterine devices varies from one type of device to another, although the principle of action is the same, namely, to interfere with the... (Review)
Review
The mechanism of action of intrauterine devices varies from one type of device to another, although the principle of action is the same, namely, to interfere with the physiology of reproduction at the endometrial level. The biochemical changes of the endometrial tissue and the composition of the uterine fluid have been reviewed in relation to the use of inert, copper-medicated and steroid-releasing IUDs. All IUDs, whether inert or medicated, provoke a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, mononuclear cells and plasma cells, the presence of which is unrelated to the tissue infiltration of inflammatory cells occurring pre-menstrually of the normal menstrual cycle. The increase of leucocytes in IUD-users is compatible with a foreign body reaction which may be related to the antifertility effect. The addition of copper to an inert IUD has been shown to significantly alter the metabolism of the endometrial cells, e.g. the enzymatic activity and the DOVA-synthesis. The steroid-medicated IUDs represent a new approach to intrauterine contraception where the morphology of the endometrium is considerably altered, showing massive decidual changes, atrophic glands and sometimes atrophy of the whole functional layer. In addition, there is an important foreign body reaction, similar to that of the inert IUDs. The enzymatic activity, as well as the proliferative activity was significantly altered in the endometrium of these IUD-users. Changes in the endometrial fibrinolytic activity in IUD-users have been demonstrated to be related to the presence of irregular bleeding. Micro-traumata of the endometrium and the increased fibrinolytic activity may also interfere with the protective processes present in the physiologically normal endometrium. Further studies on the factors influencing the fertilizing ability of the spermatozoa in the female genital tract, as well as on the conditions of the human endometrium required for the implantation of a blastocyst, may yield important information for the improvement of intrauterine contraception.
Topics: Endometrium; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Leukocyte Count; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Uterine Hemorrhage
PubMed: 3311620
DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(87)90058-8 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Feb 2008Mycoplasma genitalium is a common sexually transmitted pathogen frequently identified among women with pelvic inflammatory disease, the infection and inflammation of a... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Mycoplasma genitalium is a common sexually transmitted pathogen frequently identified among women with pelvic inflammatory disease, the infection and inflammation of a woman's upper genital tract. Although Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae frequently cause pelvic inflammatory disease, up to 70% of cases have unidentified etiology. This review summarizes recent evidence for M. genitalium's role in pelvic inflammatory disease and subsequent sequelae.
RECENT FINDINGS
PCR studies have demonstrated that M. genitalium is associated with clinically suspected pelvic inflammatory disease, acute endometritis, and adnexitis, independent of gonococcal and chlamydial infection. Most studies have been cross-sectional, although one prospective investigation suggested that M. genitalium was associated with over a 13-fold risk of endometritis. Whether or not M. genitalium upper-genital-tract infection results in reproductive morbidity is unclear, although it has been serologically associated with tubal-factor infertility. Several lines of evidence suggest that M. genitalium is likely resistant to many frequently used pelvic inflammatory disease treatments. Correspondingly, M. genitalium has been associated with treatment failure following cefoxitin and doxycycline treatment for clinically suspected pelvic inflammatory disease.
SUMMARY
Strong evidence suggests that M. genitalium is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. Further study of M. genitalium upper-genital-tract infection diagnosis and treatment is warranted.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Endometritis; Female; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 18192788
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d9ac -
Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo 2010Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is polymicrobial infection in women characterized by inflammation of the upper genital tract, including endometritis, salpingitis,... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is polymicrobial infection in women characterized by inflammation of the upper genital tract, including endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic peritonitis, occasionally leading to the formation of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA). PID primarily affects young, sexually active women, and it is highly correlated with having several sexual partners, intrauterine contraceptive device and sexually transmitted diseases. The spectrum of disease is caused most commonly by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 30-50% of cases. PID is responsible for severe acute morbidity and significant long-term sequelae, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. The following clinical features are suggestive of a diagnosis of PID: bilateral lower abdominal tenderness, abnormal vaginal or cervical discharge, fever (higher than 38 degrees C), abnormal vaginal bleeding, dyspareunia, cervical motion tenderness and adnexal tenderness, with or without a palpable mass. In laboratory findings, there is presence of excess leucocytes, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein. Transvaginal ultrasound scanning may be helpful, and its sensitivity is up to 85%. It can identify inflamed and dilated tubes and tubo-ovarian masses. Magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful in a final diagnosis in 95% of cases. In 15-30% of suspected cases, there is no laparoscopic evidence of disease. Treatment regimens for PID include broad-spectrum antibiotics, including coverage for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. The usage of parenteral or oral therapy, inpatient or outpatient regimens, depends on the patient's clinical condition. Considering the potential complications of disease, there is a need for good health educational programmes in reproductive period.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 21180100
DOI: 10.2298/sarh1010658t -
Ceskoslovenska Gynekologie 1950
Topics: Female; Humans; Immunotherapy, Active; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 15434860
DOI: No ID Found