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Hormone and Metabolic Research =... 1998The present article reviews the immunohistochemical findings on the localization of biogenic amines and neuropeptides in adrenal medullary cells of birds. In the... (Review)
Review
The present article reviews the immunohistochemical findings on the localization of biogenic amines and neuropeptides in adrenal medullary cells of birds. In the chicken, about 70% of medullary cells are adrenaline-containing cells and the rest of cells seem to be noradrenaline-containing cells. The ratio of adrenaline-cells to noradrenaline-cells extremely varies among avian species. Besides adrenaline and noradrenaline, medullary cells of birds contain many kinds of biogenic amines and neuropeptides: serotonin, galanin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, enkephalin, neuropeptide tyrosine and atrial natriuretic peptide. The existence of these bioactive substances in medullary cells also exhibits interspecies heterogeneity. In the chicken, serotonin and galanin are contained in both adrenaline- and noradrenaline-cells of the adrenal gland. Cholecystokinin- and somatostatin-immunoreactivity is restricted to adrenaline-containing cells. Enkephalin-immunoreactivity is seen in both adrenaline- and noradrenaline-cells, but in about half of medullary cells. Neuropeptide tyrosine-immunoreactivity is found in the adrenal gland of the chick embryo and newly hatched chick, but not in the adult chicken. Serotonin and these neuropeptides may be selectively coreleased with adrenaline and/or noradrenaline from adrenal medullary cells of the chicken.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Biogenic Amines; Birds; Chick Embryo; Immunohistochemistry; Neuropeptides
PubMed: 9694567
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-978902 -
Journal of Ultrastructure Research Aug 1969
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Cattle; Cell Membrane; Chromaffin System; Freezing; Glycerides; Histological Techniques; Isotonic Solutions; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria
PubMed: 4898418
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(69)90079-3 -
The Journal of Physiology Oct 1952
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Neurons
PubMed: 13000712
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Neural Transplantation &... 1992Major limitations of adrenal medulla transplantation in animal models of Parkinson's disease have been the relatively small behavioral effects and the poor or...
Major limitations of adrenal medulla transplantation in animal models of Parkinson's disease have been the relatively small behavioral effects and the poor or inconsistent graft survival. Transplantation of fragments of sural nerve in combination with adrenal medulla has been reported to increase the survival of chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla grafts in primates. In the present study, the possibility was tested that peripheral nerve co-grafts would increase the functional effects of adrenal medulla grafts in a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model. Animals received unilateral substantia nigra lesions, and subsequently received intraventricular grafts of adrenal medulla, sciatic nerve, adrenal medulla plus sciatic nerve, or sham grafts consisting of medium only. Functional effects of the grafts were tested using apomorphine-induced rotational behavior. The sciatic nerve co-grafts did not increase the survival of TH-immunoreactive chromaffin cells. The co-grafting treatment also did not augment the overall effect of adrenal medulla grafts on rotational behavior. In the animals with substantial numbers of surviving chromaffin cells, however, the animals with sciatic nerve co-grafts showed greater decreases in rotational behavior as compared to the animals with adrenal medulla grafts alone, even though the number of surviving cells was not increased.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromaffin System; Graft Survival; Male; Oxidopamine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve; Substantia Nigra; Sympathectomy, Chemical; Transplantation, Homologous; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
PubMed: 1355367
DOI: 10.1155/NP.1992.159 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Jun 2015The adrenal is a highly plastic organ with the ability to adjust to physiological needs by adapting hormone production but also by generating and regenerating both... (Review)
Review
The adrenal is a highly plastic organ with the ability to adjust to physiological needs by adapting hormone production but also by generating and regenerating both adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tissue. It is now apparent that many adult tissues maintain stem and progenitor cells that contribute to their maintenance and adaptation. Research from the last years has proven the existence of stem and progenitor cells also in the adult adrenal medulla throughout life. These cells maintain some neural crest properties and have the potential to differentiate to the endocrine and neural lineages. In this article, we discuss the evidence for the existence of adrenomedullary multi potent progenitor cells, their isolation and characterization, their differentiation potential as well as their clinical potential in transplantation therapies but also in pathophysiology.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Carcinogenesis; Cell Separation; Humans; Models, Biological; Multipotent Stem Cells; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 25575455
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.020 -
Endocrinology Jun 2006Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic adult diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension, can be programmed during fetal and early postnatal life. The...
Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic adult diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension, can be programmed during fetal and early postnatal life. The nervous system regions governing vegetative functions and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are particularly sensitive to the perinatal nutritional status. Despite recent reports demonstrating that the activity of the sympathoadrenal system can be altered by early life events, the effects of maternal nutrient restriction on the adrenal medulla remain unknown. Using a rat model of maternal perinatal 50% food restriction (FR50) from the second week of gestation until weaning, immunohistochemical experiments revealed alterations in chromaffin cell aggregation and in nerve fiber fasciculation in the adrenal medulla of FR50 pups. These morphological changes were associated with enhanced circulating levels of catecholamines after decapitation (epinephrine by 55% and norepinephrine by 41%). Using macroarrays, we identified several genes whose expression was affected by maternal nutrient restriction. Semiquantitative RT-PCR confirmed the overexpression of four genes involved in neuroendocrine differentiation and neuronal plasticity (chromogranin B, growth-associated protein 43, neurofilament 3, and Slit2) in the adrenal glands of FR50 rats. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that these genes are solely expressed in the adrenal medulla. Together, our results suggest that perinatal maternal undernutrition markedly alters the differentiation of the adrenal medulla during postnatal life, resulting in enhanced activity of chromaffin cells at weaning. These alterations may persist in adulthood and participate to the programming of chronic adult diseases.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Catecholamines; Cell Differentiation; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; In Situ Hybridization; Male; Malnutrition; Neurons; Neurosecretory Systems; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 16497807
DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1331 -
Journal of Anatomy Oct 1991Adrenal medullas of 2 baboons perfused with formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde and tannic acid were studied by light and electron microscopy. Tissues were postfixed in OsO4....
Adrenal medullas of 2 baboons perfused with formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde and tannic acid were studied by light and electron microscopy. Tissues were postfixed in OsO4. This procedure allows identification of noradrenaline cells on the basis of a selective reaction of glutaraldehyde with noradrenaline vesicles. As positive control for noradrenaline cells, similarly treated mouse adrenal medullas were also examined. Light microscopic examination of thick sections of baboon medullas did not show noradrenaline cells. In contrast, mouse adrenal medullas showed noradrenaline cells scattered in small groups among the much lighter adrenaline cells. By electron microscopy no noradrenaline cells were seen in the baboon medulla while mouse adrenal medullas showed noradrenaline cells with vesicles possessing exceedingly dense cores and light spaces within their limiting membranes. Otherwise, the majority of the baboon chromaffin cells showed chromaffin vesicles which were round or elongated, 150-520 nm in diameter, and heterogenous in electron density. Cytoplasmic densities were occasionally seen attached to the inner aspect of the plasmalemma, particularly along areas close to blood capillaries. These densities could be chromaffin vesicles in the process of exocytosis. This is the first report of exocytotic profiles in a primate medulla. Occasional small vesicle-containing cells also were present. The vast majority of their vesicles were electron dense. Several possible alternatives for the varied catecholamine vesicular osmiophilia, were discussed. It was suggested that this could be attributed to varied concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline neurohormones among the vesicle population.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Male; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Papio
PubMed: 1810929
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell and Tissue Research 1984The ultrastructural localization of the glycoprotein D2 in rat adrenal gland was investigated using immunohistochemical methods, and D2 localization in cultures of adult...
The ultrastructural localization of the glycoprotein D2 in rat adrenal gland was investigated using immunohistochemical methods, and D2 localization in cultures of adult bovine chromaffin cells was studied by immunofluorescence. D2 was found to be situated on nerve fibers passing through the adrenal cortex and in the medulla zone, and also on the surface of all chromaffin cells. In addition, it was strongly expressed on the surface of glial (Schwann) cells. Cortical cells were unreactive to the antiserum. In cultures, all adrenalin and noradrenalin [dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] cells were surface labelled for D2. A less frequent second cell type was recognized in vitro which was DBH negative but D2 positive. Such cells were presumed to be Schwann cells. These data are discussed in terms of the developmental origin of the cells and with regard to the putative functional rôle of D2 in cell adhesion phenomena.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immune Sera; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Rats
PubMed: 6395958
DOI: 10.1007/BF00219864 -
Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 1987The effects of clonidine on adrenal medulla catecholamines levels were studied in normotensive rats. Intraperitoneal injections (50,100 micrograms/kg) of clonidine...
The effects of clonidine on adrenal medulla catecholamines levels were studied in normotensive rats. Intraperitoneal injections (50,100 micrograms/kg) of clonidine caused a dose-dependent decrease in adrenaline content of the gland. This effect was suppressed by denervation of the adrenal medulla, i.e. unilateral section of splanchnic fibers performed 5 days before. These results demonstrate that clonidine decreases the catecholamine content of the adrenal medulla only through a central action. They suggest that the adrenal medulla is involved in the hypotensive effect of clonidine.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Catecholamines; Clonidine; Denervation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha
PubMed: 2822555
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1987.tb00540.x -
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Nov 2010Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells mainly found in the medulla of the adrenal gland. Most existing knowledge of these cells has been the outcome of extensive... (Review)
Review
Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells mainly found in the medulla of the adrenal gland. Most existing knowledge of these cells has been the outcome of extensive research performed in animals, mainly in the cow, cat, mouse and rat. However, some insight into the physiology of this neuroendocrine cell in humans has been gained. This review summarizes the main findings reported in human chromaffin cells under physiological or disease conditions and discusses the clinical implications of these results.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Chromaffin Cells; Chromaffin Granules; Disease; Humans
PubMed: 21107679
DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9582-0