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Pharmacological Reviews Dec 1996
Review
Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromaffin Cells; Humans
PubMed: 8981564
DOI: No ID Found -
Developmental Biology Apr 1985The morphological development and plasticity of embryonic and postnatal rat adrenal medullary cells were studied in homologous adrenal grafts to the anterior chamber of...
The morphological development and plasticity of embryonic and postnatal rat adrenal medullary cells were studied in homologous adrenal grafts to the anterior chamber of the eye. The eyes of recipient rats were adrenergically denervated 10 days prior to grafting by extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion in order to increase levels of NGF and NGF-like activities in the iris. Grafts taken at the 15th day of embryonic development (E15), i.e., at the beginning of immigration of medullary progenitor cells into the adrenal cortical anlagen, contained no cortical or mature medullary cells after 2 weeks in oculo. Numerous sympathoblastic cells, however, were located at the anterior surface of the iris. E 16 and E 17 transplants showed abundant mature cortical tissue after 2 weeks. Small groups of medullary cells with the ultrastructural characteristics of mature pheochromoblasts or young chromaffin cells were interspersed among cortical cells without forming a discrete medulla. Neuronal cells were exclusively found outside the cortical cell mass. Sympathoblasts grew at the surface of the iris, while young sympathetic nerve cells, which were invested by Schwann cells and received synaptic axon terminals, were embedded into the stroma of the iris. Grafting of E 21 adrenals yielded very similar results except that, in a few instances, young chromaffin cells were located outside the cortex and sympathetic nerve cells were seen to be in close contact with cortical cells. In transplants of adult medullary cells typical mature adrenaline and noradrenaline cells were clearly distinguishable after 8 weeks even in the absence of cortical cells. The only indication of phenotypical changes in these cells was the formation by some of them, of neuritic processes which could be visualized in glyoxylic acid-treated whole mounts of irises. These results are compatible with the idea that embryonic adrenal medullary cells have the environmentally controlled potential to develop along the neuronal or endocrine line, but could also be interpreted in terms of a selection of a specific subpopulation with predetermined potentialities by a specific microenvironment. Moreover, these results suggest that increasing differentiation of medullary cells is accompanied by progressive restrictions in their genetic program, which eventually prevent full transdifferentiation of mature chromaffin into neuronal cells.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Anterior Chamber; Cell Differentiation; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gestational Age; Microscopy, Electron; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 4076536
DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90030-2 -
The Journal of Endocrinology Jun 1989We have investigated the effect of fetal hypophysectomy on the localization of dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and...
We have investigated the effect of fetal hypophysectomy on the localization of dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and enkephalin-containing peptides in the fetal sheep adrenal, using immunocytochemical techniques. Staining with anti-DBH was observed throughout the adrenal medulla in the intact (140-146 days of gestation) and hypophysectomized fetal sheep (147-164 days of gestation) and the newborn lamb (10-12 days after birth). In the adrenal medulla of the late-gestation intact fetal sheep and newborn lamb, positive staining with anti-PNMT was observed in the peripheral rim of medullary cells adjacent to the adrenal cortex. After hypophysectomy, there was intense positive staining with anti-PNMT in the peripheral adrenal medullary cells and a small and variable proportion of central adrenal medullary cells were stained with anti-PNMT. In the adrenal gland of the intact fetal sheep and the newborn lamb, there was intense staining with anti-enkephalin in the peripheral rim of adrenal medullary cells. Staining with anti-enkephalin was less intense in the central medullary cells of the adrenal gland of the intact fetal sheep and the 10- to 12-day-old newborn lamb, and many unstained central medullary cells were present. After hypophysectomy, intense positive staining with anti-enkephalin was observed throughout the entire fetal adrenal medulla. Therefore, the fetal pituitary, either directly or indirectly through the adrenal cortex, plays a role in regulating the pattern of localization of both PNMT and enkephalin in the fetal sheep adrenal.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; Enkephalins; Fetus; Hypophysectomy; Immunohistochemistry; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase; Sheep
PubMed: 2754370
DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1210425 -
Annals of Neurology Nov 1988Recent reports of adrenal medullary autografts in patients with Parkinson's disease raise several important questions with respect to the cell types actually being...
Recent reports of adrenal medullary autografts in patients with Parkinson's disease raise several important questions with respect to the cell types actually being transplanted as well as the potential for chromaffin cell banking prior to neural transplantation. In this study, we determined the general morphological characteristics of the human adrenal medulla and assessed factors important for the maintenance of cultured chromaffin cells for later use as transplants. The human adrenal medulla contained islands of cortical cells scattered throughout the gland as well as Schwann cells, nerve endings, endothelial cells, pericytes, isolated ganglionic neurons, and connective tissue elements such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Because many of these cell types are mitotically active, transplantation of medullary fragments that contain these cells could have far-reaching consequences. One approach that could circumvent the problems arising from multiple cell types in the medulla is differential plating of chromaffin cells prior to transplantation. Differential plating yielded relatively pure populations of chromaffin cells that demonstrated excellent viability if processed within 2 hours after cessation of the gland's circulation. Chromaffin cells cultured in the presence of nerve growth factor exhibited a neuronal phenotype, possessed catecholamine histofluorescence, and displayed tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. The sex and age of the donor did not affect cell viability or morphological characteristics.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Cell Separation; Cells, Cultured; Chromaffin System; Culture Media; Humans; Nerve Growth Factors; Parkinson Disease; Tissue Survival; Transplantation, Autologous
PubMed: 3202612
DOI: 10.1002/ana.410240503 -
Reviews in the Neurosciences 1993The catecholamine containing chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla have recently been employed as intracerebral grafts in man and animals with lesions of the... (Review)
Review
The catecholamine containing chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla have recently been employed as intracerebral grafts in man and animals with lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. This review outlines the basic biology of the chromaffin cell with reference to its efficacy as a source of dopamine in the grafted state. This is followed by an evaluation of the use of these grafts in experimentally lesioned animals and in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Brain; Chromaffin System; Dopamine; Humans; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 7952385
DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.1993.4.2.113 -
Nature Apr 1962
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromaffin Cells; Chromaffin System; Nerve Endings; Rats
PubMed: 13881728
DOI: 10.1038/194310a0 -
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Mar 19881. The release of neurotransmitters, hormones, and enzymes involves exquisitely regulated events which ultimately result in the fusion of the secretory vesicle with the... (Review)
Review
1. The release of neurotransmitters, hormones, and enzymes involves exquisitely regulated events which ultimately result in the fusion of the secretory vesicle with the cell's plasma membrane, releasing the vesicle contents into the extracellular space. 2. The biochemical and cellular mechanisms mediating exocytosis have been extensively studied in a model system of primary cultured adrenal chromaffin cells. 3. This paper briefly reviews current understanding, and directions of future studies in exocytosis using this model system.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Calcium; Cattle; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Cytosol; Exocytosis; Humans; Receptors, Cholinergic
PubMed: 3042141
DOI: 10.1007/BF00712907 -
Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique Aug 1989
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromaffin System; Humans; Paraganglia, Chromaffin
PubMed: 2769433
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060120402 -
Biochemical Pharmacology May 1975
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Catecholamines; Chick Embryo; Cyclic AMP; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; Enzyme Induction; Organ Culture Techniques; Parasympathomimetics; Protein Biosynthesis; Stimulation, Chemical; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
PubMed: 239721
DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90429-3 -
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Dec 1958
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Ethanol
PubMed: 13617020
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1958.tb01624.x