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Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System Apr 1986The distribution and time course of appearance and decline of radioactivity in denervated adrenal medulla of mice injected with [3H]dopamine was examined by...
The distribution and time course of appearance and decline of radioactivity in denervated adrenal medulla of mice injected with [3H]dopamine was examined by autoradiography. Radioactivity irradiated from [3H]dopamine was increased from 7.5 min to 30 min, then decreased rapidly in both adrenaline-storing (A) cells and noradrenaline-storing (NA) cells of either intact or denervated adrenals. In subcortical A cells, the incorporation of radioactivity was increased by denervation while in NA cells and in A cells in the center of the medulla, the increment was not significant. In the denervated adrenals, the decline of [3H]dopamine-derived radioactivity was slower than that in the intact gland. The denervation increased the gradient in radioactivity from the surface to the center of the medulla. The present results suggest that the sensitivity to neuronal suppression of dopamine uptake in subcortical A cells is different from that in A and NA cells in the rest of the gland. The results also indicate a functional heterogeneity within a single type of chromaffin cells.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Autoradiography; Denervation; Dopamine; Epinephrine; Male; Mice; Norepinephrine
PubMed: 3700967
DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(86)90015-9 -
Biochemical Pharmacology Mar 1975
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Catecholamines; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; Insulin; Male; Morphine; Rats; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
PubMed: 235930
DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90242-7 -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Jun 2007New evidence provides valuable information about the participation of sustentacular cells in chromaffin cell catecholamine secretion. In this process, calcium ions play...
New evidence provides valuable information about the participation of sustentacular cells in chromaffin cell catecholamine secretion. In this process, calcium ions play an important role. It has been shown that there is an intense ionic traffic between both types of cells. Moreover, sustentacular cells take an active part in calcium metabolism, regulating levels of the ion and indirectly, the synthesis and release of catecholamines. This background information encouraged us to study the sustentacular population of Lagostomus adrenal medulla and its morphologic relationship with the chromaffin population. The animals were captured, transported to the animal facilities, anaesthetized and killed. The adrenal gland was processed by immunohistochemistry using antiserum against S-100 (subunit alpha and beta), a specific marker. Through the morphological and immunohistochemical study, it was found that there are sustentacular cells in deferent regions of adrenal medulla, mainly in the basal zone of chromaffin cells, which constitute the glomerular structure around blood capillaries. Cytoplasmic extentions of sustentacular cells penetrate into chromaffin cells and make contact with the basal membrane of the capillary endothelium. The relationship among chromaffin cells, capillaries and sustentacular cells suggests that they may intervene actively in the adrenal medulla metabolism.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Calcium; Catecholamines; Chromaffin Cells; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Rodentia
PubMed: 17535349
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00732.x -
Progress in Neurobiology 1996Chromaffin cells, the neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla and paraganglia, occupy paradigmatic roles in molecular, cellular and developmental neurobiology. The... (Review)
Review
Chromaffin cells, the neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla and paraganglia, occupy paradigmatic roles in molecular, cellular and developmental neurobiology. The fact that they are very effective 'minipumps', secreting numerous bioactive substances including amines, neuropeptides and proteins, has made them interesting and useful for the treatment of chronic pain and Parkinsonism. An essential advantage of chromaffin cells is that they can be isolated and purified in extremely high numbers, which can never be achieved for peripheral or central nervous system neurons. Growth factors (cytokines) and peptides with growth factor-like efficacies constitute an important component of bioactive materials released from chromaffin cells. Not only their presence, but also neural and humoral mechanisms regulating their expression and release, are now being revealed. Prominent examples include fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor-beta s (TGF-beta s) and interleukins. Functions that can be assigned to these factors in the adrenal medulla are gradually emerging. For example, FGFs and TGF-beta s can regulate chromaffin cell proliferation and differentiation and participate in the neurotrophic maintenance of neurons innervating chromaffin cells. In contrast, the functions of the predominant secretory proteins of chromaffin cells, the chromogranins, are still largely unknown, but might include cytokine-like roles. Thus, chromaffin cells continue to teach neurobiologists about the fundamental capacity of neurons to secrete bioactive molecules with a wide range of functions as well as modes of their secretion underscoring the close relationship of endocrine and neuronal systems.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromaffin Cells; Hormones; Humans
PubMed: 8804113
DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00045-3 -
The American Journal of Surgical... Feb 2006A case of a morphologically distinctive tumor of the adrenal medulla occurring in a 54-year-old woman is described. On microscopic examination, the tumor was well...
A case of a morphologically distinctive tumor of the adrenal medulla occurring in a 54-year-old woman is described. On microscopic examination, the tumor was well circumscribed and characterized by the presence of ill-defined, irregular nests of spindle cells with oval to elongated nuclei, tiny nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The tumor was associated with a moderate infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells with occasional lymphoid follicles. Necrosis, marked cellular atypia, and mitoses were absent. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the tumor cells to be strongly reactive for vimentin, S-100 protein, and CD56, and nonreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, chromogranin, synaptophysin, melanoma-associated antigens, and dendritic cell markers. Ultrastructural examination showed elongated cells with interdigitating cytoplasmic processes devoid of a basal lamina. No secretory granules were noted. The morphology, immunophenotype, and ultrastructure of this unique neoplasm suggest derivation from sustentacular cells of the adrenal medulla. We propose the designation "sustentaculoma" for this hitherto undescribed neoplasm of the adrenal gland.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Adrenal Medulla; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Middle Aged
PubMed: 16434904
DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000178095.07513.38 -
Extensive survival of chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla "ribbon" grafts in the monkey neostriatum.Experimental Neurology Nov 1990Experimental neurosurgical implantation of adrenal medulla tissue has been performed as a treatment for Parkinson's disease at several medical centers around the world,...
Experimental neurosurgical implantation of adrenal medulla tissue has been performed as a treatment for Parkinson's disease at several medical centers around the world, and similar techniques have been applied in a small number of nonhuman primates. None of these efforts to date has resulted in histological evidence of significant graft survival, and behavioral improvement in patients has been modest at best. The present series of experiments, however, has led to a novel and effective technique for stereotaxic implantation of long, narrow "ribbons" of autologous adrenal tissue in the monkey caudate and putamen nuclei. The survival and enzymatic activity of large portions of intact grafted ribbons have been demonstrated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Efforts based on other grafting techniques resulted in poor or mediocre survival, reminiscent of previously published results. Successful grafts, on the contrary, were morphologically similar to intact adrenal medulla tissue, except that neuronal processes were observed emanating from some of the transplanted cells. The success of the present technique, which minimally distorts or traumatizes adrenal and brain tissue, may be due primarily to the rapid establishment of a blood supply by anastomosis with host vessels. In most monkeys, nerve growth factor was also administered to the lateral ventricle for the duration of the graft, but excellent results were also achieved in the monkey that did not receive such treatment. We conclude that adrenal grafts made by the present technique can survive and function in primates.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Brain Injuries; Chromaffin System; Graft Survival; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Needles; Nerve Growth Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
PubMed: 1977607
DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(90)90027-p -
Regulatory Peptides Aug 1989Helodermin, a VIP/secretin-like peptide, was first isolated from the venom of the lizard Gila monster. Small amounts of helodermin-like peptides have since been detected...
Helodermin, a VIP/secretin-like peptide, was first isolated from the venom of the lizard Gila monster. Small amounts of helodermin-like peptides have since been detected in many mammalian tissues. Notably high concentrations were demonstrated in the thyroid gland, and immunocytochemical studies revealed intense helodermin-like immunostaining in thyroid C cells and medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. In the present study, we examined the adrenal gland of mouse, rat and pig for the presence of helodermin-like peptides. Using an antiserum raised against lizard helodermin immunostaining was observed in the noradrenaline-producing cells of the adrenal medulla in all 3 species. Radioimmunoassay revealed high concentrations of helodermin-like peptides in the mouse and rat adrenal. The concentrations in the pig adrenal could not be determined because of a non-parallel dilution curve. Upon high-performance liquid chromatography, the immunoreactive material in extracts of mouse and rat adrenals eluted in one major peak, close to the elution position of lizard helodermin.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Immunochemistry; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Lizards; Male; Mice; Norepinephrine; Peptides; Rats; Swine
PubMed: 2813855
DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(89)90101-8 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Jul 1991
Review
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Cytoskeleton; Exocytosis; Molecular Sequence Data; Receptors, Cell Surface; Second Messenger Systems; Vacuoles
PubMed: 1649638
DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(91)90024-q -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Aug 1978Adrenal glands were collected from pigs of various ages under general anesthesia. Glutaraldehyde-fixed medullary tissue was postfixed with OsO4 for electron microscopy...
Adrenal glands were collected from pigs of various ages under general anesthesia. Glutaraldehyde-fixed medullary tissue was postfixed with OsO4 for electron microscopy and with potassium dichromate or potassium iodate for light microscopy. Columnar epinephrine (E) cells formed cords between wide sinusoidal capillaries at the corticomedullary junction and were arranged in palisade fashion along the central vein and its major tributaries. The E cells usually were polarized, with the nuclei located away from the sinusoidal capillaries. Clusters of polygonal norepinephrine (NE) cells formed large central aggregates surrounded by E cells. Granulated vesicles were the predominant cytoplasmic feature of both E and NE cells. Round or oval E granules were bounded by a crenated membrane separated from the granule by a clear halo. The more electron-dense, elongate NE granules were bounded by a closely apposed, smooth membrane. The average longest granule axis was 270 nm for E granules and 305 nm for NE granules. Many cytoplasmic organelles were congregated in a granule-free paranuclear zone, which contained a prominent Golgi complex. Thin nonmyelinated nerve fibers (singly or in small groups) were interposed between the E and NE cells. Nerve fibers often were located close to the nucleus in a depression of the cell surface and often were wrapped by thin E or NE cell processes. The medulla of newborn pigs was composed predominantly or exclusively of NE cells. In both adults and pigs, E or NE cell cords radiated through the cortex toward the capsule, and isolated clusters of E or NE cells frequently were found in the capsule or zona glomerulosa.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Swine
PubMed: 697145
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Pharmacology and... Oct 1967
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Angiotensin II; Animals; Atropine; Autonomic Agents; Blood Pressure; Cats; Female; Hexamethonium Compounds; Histamine; Male; Nicotine; Piperazines; Splanchnic Nerves; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 4293314
DOI: No ID Found