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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Jul 2020Immunotherapy, as a powerful strategy for cancer treatment, has achieved tremendous efficacy in clinical trials. Despite these advancements, there is much to do in terms... (Review)
Review
Immunotherapy, as a powerful strategy for cancer treatment, has achieved tremendous efficacy in clinical trials. Despite these advancements, there is much to do in terms of enhancing therapeutic benefits and decreasing the side effects of cancer immunotherapy. Advanced nanobiomaterials, including liposomes, polymers, and silica, play a vital role in the codelivery of drugs and immunomodulators. These nanobiomaterial-based delivery systems could effectively promote antitumor immune responses and simultaneously reduce toxic adverse effects. Furthermore, nanobiomaterials may also combine with each other or with traditional drugs via different mechanisms, thus giving rise to more accurate and efficient tumor treatment. Here, an overview of the latest advancement in these nanobiomaterials used for cancer immunotherapy is given, describing outstanding systems, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymer-based scaffolds or micelles, inorganic nanosystems, and others.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Humans; Immunotherapy; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms
PubMed: 32123302
DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0372-z -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... May 2023Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with almost one million people living with thyroid cancer in the United States. Although early-stage... (Review)
Review
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with almost one million people living with thyroid cancer in the United States. Although early-stage well-differentiated thyroid cancers account for the majority of thyroid cancers on diagnosis and have excellent survival rates, the incidence of advanced-stage disease has increased over the past few years and confers poorer prognosis. Until recently, patients with advanced thyroid cancer had limited therapeutic options. However, the landscape of thyroid cancer treatment has dramatically changed in the past decade with the current availability of several novel effective therapeutic options, leading to significant advances and improved patient outcomes in the management of advanced disease. In this review, we summarize the current status of advanced thyroid cancer treatment options and discuss recent advances made in targeted therapies that have proven promising to clinically benefit patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
Topics: Humans; Thyroid Neoplasms; Adenocarcinoma
PubMed: 37186883
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_389708 -
European Review For Medical and... Jun 2018This is a review regarding different types of cancer treatments. We aimed at analyzing the tumor microenvironment and the recent trends for the therapeutic applications... (Review)
Review
This is a review regarding different types of cancer treatments. We aimed at analyzing the tumor microenvironment and the recent trends for the therapeutic applications and effectiveness for several kinds of cancers. Traditionally the cancer treatment was based on the neoplastic cells. Methods such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, which were targeted on the highly proliferating mutated tumor cells, have been investigated. The tumor microenvironment describes the non-cancerous cells in the tumor and has enabled to investigate the behavior and response of the cancer cells to a treatment process; it consists in a tissue that may have a predictive significance for tumor behavior and response to therapy. These include fibroblasts, immune cells and cells that comprise the blood vessels. It also includes the proteins produced by all of the cells present in the tumor that support the growth of the cancer cells. By monitoring changes in the tumor microenvironment using its molecular and cellular profiles as the tumor progresses will be vital for identifying cell or protein targets for the cancer prevention and its therapeutic purposes.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Communication; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Radiation, Ionizing; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 29949179
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201806_15270 -
Gastroenterology Mar 2022Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), despite decreases in CRC incidence in recent years. Chronic... (Review)
Review
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), despite decreases in CRC incidence in recent years. Chronic inflammation is the driver of neoplastic progression, resulting in dysplastic precursor lesions that may arise in multiple areas of the colon through a process of field cancerization. Colitis-associated CRC shares many molecular similarities with sporadic CRC, and preclinical investigations have demonstrated a potential role for the microbiome in concert with the host immune system in the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Some unique molecular differences occur in CAC, but their role in the pathogenesis and behavior of inflammation-associated cancers remains to be elucidated. Nonconventional types of dysplasia have been increasingly recognized, but their natural history is not well defined, and they have not been incorporated into surveillance algorithms. The concept of cumulative inflammatory burden highlights the importance of considering histologic inflammation over time as an important risk factor for CAC. Dysplasia is arguably the most important risk factor for developing CAC, and advances have been made in the endoscopic detection and removal of precancerous lesions, thereby deferring or avoiding surgical resection. Some of the agents used to treat IBD are chemopreventive. It is hoped that by gaining better control of the underlying inflammation with newer medications and better endoscopic detection and management, a more sophisticated appreciation of clinicopathologic risk factors, and growing awareness of the genetic, immunologic, and environmental causes of colitis- associated neoplasia, that colitis-associated colorectal neoplasia will become even more predictable and manageable in the coming years.
Topics: Chemoprevention; Colectomy; Colitis, Ulcerative; Colorectal Neoplasms; Crohn Disease; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Population Surveillance; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34757143
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.035 -
The Journal of Pathology Jul 2022Breast cancer affects one in seven women worldwide during their lifetime. Widespread mammographic screening programs and education campaigns allow for early detection of... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer affects one in seven women worldwide during their lifetime. Widespread mammographic screening programs and education campaigns allow for early detection of the disease, often during its asymptomatic phase. Current practice in treatment and recurrence monitoring is based primarily on pathological evaluations but can also encompass genomic evaluations, both of which focus on the primary tumor. Although breast cancer is one of the most studied cancers, patients still recur at a rate of up to 15% within the first 10 years post-surgery. Local recurrence was originally attributed to tumor cells contaminating histologically normal (HN) tissues beyond the surgical margin, but advances in technology have allowed for the identification of distinct aberrations that exist in the peri-tumoral tissues themselves. One leading theory to explain this phenomenon is the field cancerization theory. Under this hypothesis, tumors arise from a field of molecularly altered cells that create a permissive environment for malignant evolution, which can occur with or without morphological changes. The traditional histopathology paradigm dictates that molecular alterations are reflected in the tissue phenotype. However, the spectrum of inter-patient variability of normal breast tissue may obfuscate recognition of a cancerized field during routine diagnostics. In this review, we explore the concept of field cancerization focusing on HN peri-tumoral tissues: we present the pathological and molecular features of field cancerization within these tissues and discuss how the use of peri-tumoral tissues can affect research. Our observations suggest that pathological and molecular evaluations could be used synergistically to assess risk and guide the therapeutic management of patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; United Kingdom
PubMed: 35362092
DOI: 10.1002/path.5902 -
Journal of the National Comprehensive... Feb 2023Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy, with worldwide increasing incidence and disease-associated mortality. Although most patients with EC... (Review)
Review
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy, with worldwide increasing incidence and disease-associated mortality. Although most patients with EC are diagnosed with early-stage disease, systemic treatment options for patients with advanced or recurrent EC have historically been limited. EC-focused clinical trials and the ensuing therapeutic landscape have expanded since The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identified 4 distinct EC subgroups associated with differential survival. This endeavor revolutionized our understanding of the genomic characterization of EC as well as molecular drivers of this heterogeneous malignancy, leading to precision oncology approaches to therapeutics and advancement in treatment options. This review describes the current status of and recent advancements in therapeutic options for patients with advanced and recurrent EC. The NCCN Guidelines for Uterine Neoplasms provide detailed recommendations regarding the diagnosis, workup, and management of EC.
Topics: Humans; Female; Precision Medicine; Endometrial Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Genital Neoplasms, Female
PubMed: 36791759
DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.7254 -
Cancer Gene Therapy Jun 2017Cancer is one of the leading cause of death in the world with the prevalence of >10 million mortalities annually. Current cancer treatments include surgical... (Review)
Review
Cancer is one of the leading cause of death in the world with the prevalence of >10 million mortalities annually. Current cancer treatments include surgical intervention, radiation, and taking chemotherapeutic drugs, which often kill the healthy cells and result in toxicity in patients. Therefore, researchers are looking for ways to be able to eliminate just cancerous cells. Intra-tumor heterogeneity of cancerous cells is the main obstacle on the way of an effective cancer treatment. However, better comprehension of molecular basis of tumor and the advent of new diagnostic technologies can help to improve the treatment of various cancers. Therefore, study of epigenetic changes, gene expression of cancerous cells and employing methods that enable us to correct or minimize these changes is critically important. In this paper, we will review the recent advanced strategies being used in the field of cancer research.
Topics: Genetic Therapy; Humans; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms
PubMed: 28574057
DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2017.16 -
Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Jul 2023Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Radiation therapy is an important... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Radiation therapy is an important component in the multimodal management of breast cancer, including early stage and locally advanced breast cancers, as well as metastatic cases. Breast cancer radiation therapy has seen significant advancements over the past 20 years. This article discusses the latest advances in the radiotherapeutic management of breast cancer, especially focusing on the technological advances in radiation treatment planning and techniques that have exploited the understanding of radiation biology.
Topics: Female; Humans; United States; Breast Neoplasms; Radiation Oncology; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 37182990
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2023.03.002 -
Nature Reviews. Cancer Nov 2022Historically, the primary focus of cancer research has been molecular and clinical studies of a few essential pathways and genes. Recent years have seen the rapid... (Review)
Review
Historically, the primary focus of cancer research has been molecular and clinical studies of a few essential pathways and genes. Recent years have seen the rapid accumulation of large-scale cancer omics data catalysed by breakthroughs in high-throughput technologies. This fast data growth has given rise to an evolving concept of 'big data' in cancer, whose analysis demands large computational resources and can potentially bring novel insights into essential questions. Indeed, the combination of big data, bioinformatics and artificial intelligence has led to notable advances in our basic understanding of cancer biology and to translational advancements. Further advances will require a concerted effort among data scientists, clinicians, biologists and policymakers. Here, we review the current state of the art and future challenges for harnessing big data to advance cancer research and treatment.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Computational Biology; Proteomics; Translational Research, Biomedical; Biomedical Research; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36064595
DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00502-0 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018NY-ESO-1 or New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 is a well-known cancer-testis antigen (CTAs) with re-expression in numerous cancer types. Its ability to elicit... (Review)
Review
NY-ESO-1 or New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 is a well-known cancer-testis antigen (CTAs) with re-expression in numerous cancer types. Its ability to elicit spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses, together with its restricted expression pattern, have rendered it a good candidate target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide background information on NY-ESO-1 expression and function in normal and cancerous tissues. Furthermore, NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses have been observed in various cancer types; however, their utility as biomarkers are not well determined. Finally, we describe the immune-based therapeutic options targeting NY-ESO-1 that are currently in clinical trial. We will highlight the recent advancements made in NY-ESO-1 cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapy, and combinatorial treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and will discuss the current trends for future NY-ESO-1 based immunotherapy. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized over the last few decades with immunotherapy emerging at the forefront. Immune-based interventions have shown promising results, providing a new treatment avenue for durable clinical responses in various cancer types. The majority of successful immunotherapy studies have been reported in liquid cancers, whereas these approaches have met many challenges in solid cancers. Effective immunotherapy in solid cancers is hampered by the complex, dynamic tumor microenvironment that modulates the extent and phenotype of the antitumor immune response. Furthermore, many solid tumor-associated antigens are not private but can be found in normal somatic tissues, resulting in minor to detrimental off-target toxicities. Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to identify tumor-specific antigens to target using various immune-based modalities. CTAs are considered good candidate targets for immunotherapy as they are characterized by a restricted expression in normal somatic tissues concomitant with a re-expression in solid epithelial cancers. Moreover, several CTAs have been found to induce a spontaneous immune response, NY-ESO-1 being the most immunogenic among the family members. Hence, this review will focus on NY-ESO-1 and discuss the past and current NY-ESO-1 targeted immunotherapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cancer Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Immunity; Immunotherapy; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Membrane Proteins; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasms; Organ Specificity; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29770138
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00947