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Biochemical Pharmacology Nov 2022The adventitia receives input signals from the vessel wall, the immune system, perivascular nerves and from surrounding tissues to generate effector responses that... (Review)
Review
The adventitia receives input signals from the vessel wall, the immune system, perivascular nerves and from surrounding tissues to generate effector responses that regulate structural and mechanical properties of blood vessels. It is a complex and dynamic tissue that orchestrates multiple functions for vascular development, homeostasis, repair, and disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the origins, phenotypes, and functions of adventitial and perivascular cells with particular emphasis on hypertensive vascular remodeling.
Topics: Humans; Adventitia; Arteries; Hypertension
PubMed: 36150432
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115259 -
Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical... Feb 2020Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of arteries and it affects the structure and function of all three layers of the coronary artery wall. Current theories... (Review)
Review
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of arteries and it affects the structure and function of all three layers of the coronary artery wall. Current theories suggest that the dysfunction of endothelial cells is one of the initial steps in the development of atherosclerosis. The view that the tunica intima normally consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the subendothelial layer and internal elastic membrane has been questioned in recent years. The structure of intima changes with age and it becomes multilayered due to migration of smooth muscle cells from the media to intima. At this stage, the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells do not cause pathological changes in the intima. The multilayering of intima is classically considered to be an important stage in the development of atherosclerosis, but in fact atherosclerotic plaques develop only focally due to the interplay of various processes that involve the resident and invading inflammatory cells. The tunica media consists of multiple layers of smooth muscle cells that produce the extracellular matrix, and this layer normally does not contain microvessels. During the development of atherosclerosis, the microvessels from the tunica adventitia or from the lumen may penetrate thickened media to provide nutrition and oxygenation. According to some theories, the endothelial dysfunction of these nutritive vessels may significantly contribute to the atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. The adventitia contains fibroblasts, progenitor cells, immune cells, microvessels, and adrenergic nerves. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration into the adventitia, which can lead to the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs, correlates with the severity of atherosclerotic plaques. Coronary arteries are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue that also participates in the atherosclerotic process.
Topics: Adventitia; Coronary Artery Disease; Humans; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Tunica Intima; Tunica Media
PubMed: 31465719
DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4320 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... Aug 2015
Review
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adventitia; Animals; Arteries; Cell Communication; Humans; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Vascular Diseases; Vascular Remodeling
PubMed: 26203160
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306088 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Jun 2020Advances in microscopy, genetically modified mice, and single-cell RNA sequencing have begun to deconvolute the composition and function of tissue immune niches. Here we... (Review)
Review
Advances in microscopy, genetically modified mice, and single-cell RNA sequencing have begun to deconvolute the composition and function of tissue immune niches. Here we discuss the evidence that the adventitia, the outermost layer of larger blood vessels, is a conserved niche and tissue immune outpost for multiple immune cells, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and subsets of tissue-resident memory T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. We also describe the unique non-immune composition at adventitial regions, including fibroblast-like stromal cell subsets, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells, and neurons, and review how immune-stromal crosstalk impacts regional tissue immunity, organ adaptation, and disease.
Topics: Adventitia; Animals; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocytes; Mice; Stromal Cells
PubMed: 32339862
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.005 -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Jan 2016
Review
Topics: Adventitia; Blood Vessels; Humans; NADPH Oxidases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Vasculitis
PubMed: 26553230
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.03622 -
Sheng Li Xue Bao : [Acta Physiologica... Apr 2018As an important site for the production, storage and release of key regulators for vascular function, the vascular adventitia is thought to be a damage sensing tissue in... (Review)
Review
As an important site for the production, storage and release of key regulators for vascular function, the vascular adventitia is thought to be a damage sensing tissue in the vascular wall under certain conditions. The adventitial cells are usually the first ones to respond to vascular stress or injury, and consequently affect the structure and function of blood vessel wall. Growing lines of evidence have shown that the vascular adventitia exhibits the earliest and most prominent changes in vascular remodeling due to hypoxia and related pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. In particular, fibroblasts play an important role in the adaptation and regulation to local microenvironmental changes. This review focuses on the role of vascular adventitia in hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Topics: Adventitia; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Fibroblasts; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Hypoxia; Vascular Remodeling
PubMed: 29691586
DOI: No ID Found -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) May 2016
Topics: Adventitia; Humans
PubMed: 27001296
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06375 -
Annual Review of Physiology 2013The vascular adventitia acts as a biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. It is the... (Review)
Review
The vascular adventitia acts as a biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. It is the most complex compartment of the vessel wall and is composed of a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, immunomodulatory cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), progenitor cells, vasa vasorum endothelial cells and pericytes, and adrenergic nerves. In response to vascular stress or injury, resident adventitial cells are often the first to be activated and reprogrammed to influence the tone and structure of the vessel wall; to initiate and perpetuate chronic vascular inflammation; and to stimulate expansion of the vasa vasorum, which can act as a conduit for continued inflammatory and progenitor cell delivery to the vessel wall. This review presents the current evidence demonstrating that the adventitia acts as a key regulator of vascular wall function and structure from the outside in.
Topics: Adventitia; Animals; Blood Vessels; Fibroblasts; Humans; Macrophages; Stem Cells; Stress, Physiological; Vasa Vasorum
PubMed: 23216413
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183802 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Mar 2017Until a decade ago it was believed that the wall of adult blood vessels exclusively contains terminally differentiated cell types. A paradigm shift was unavoidable since... (Review)
Review
Until a decade ago it was believed that the wall of adult blood vessels exclusively contains terminally differentiated cell types. A paradigm shift was unavoidable since studies from different groups convincingly showed the presence of vascular wall-resident stem and progenitor cells (VW-SCs) which were identified to particularly reside in the sub-endothelial space and the so-called adventitial "vasculogenic zone". Data published during the last decade uncloaked the fact that VW-SCs have the capacity to differentiate into both vascular and non-vascular cell types. Up to date, little is known about the full capacity of VW-SCs, the exact composition of their endogenous niche and the mechanisms that govern their self-renewal, activation and differentiation. The aim of this review is to provide an overview about the current knowledge on VW-SCs and to highlight the impact of this endogenous niche on health and disease. In addition, we will discuss strategies how these adult stem cells could be manipulated in order to activate and expand them, ideally within their niche at sites of tissue damage and subsequently differentiate them into a desired cell type, e.g. an endothelial cell, a macrophage or a muscle cell. This would pave the way towards new pharmacological strategies for endogenous tissue repair and regeneration.
Topics: Adult; Adult Stem Cells; Adventitia; Animals; Blood Vessels; Cell Differentiation; Endothelial Cells; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Stem Cell Niche; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 27498405
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.017 -
Comprehensive Physiology Jan 2011A rapidly emerging concept is that the vascular adventitia acts as a biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators... (Review)
Review
A rapidly emerging concept is that the vascular adventitia acts as a biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. It is the most complex compartment of the vessel wall and comprises a variety of cells including fibroblasts, immunomodulatory cells, resident progenitor cells, vasa vasorum endothelial cells, and adrenergic nerves. In response to vascular stress or injury, resident adventitial cells are often the first to be activated and reprogrammed to then influence tone and structure of the vessel wall. Experimental data indicate that the adventitial fibroblast, the most abundant cellular constituent of adventitia, is a critical regulator of vascular wall function. In response to vascular stresses such as overdistension, hypoxia, or infection, the adventitial fibroblast is activated and undergoes phenotypic changes that include proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix proteins and adhesion molecules, release of reactive oxygen species, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and metalloproteinases that, collectively, affect medial smooth muscle cell tone and growth directly and that stimulate recruitment and retention of circulating inflammatory and progenitor cells to the vessel wall. Resident dendritic cells also participate in "sensing" vascular stress and actively communicate with fibroblasts and progenitor cells to simulate repair processes that involve expansion of the vasa vasorum, which acts as a conduit for further delivery of inflammatory/progenitor cells. This review presents the current evidence demonstrating that the adventitia acts as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular wall function and structure from the "outside in."
Topics: Adventitia; Airway Remodeling; Cell Differentiation; Fibroblasts; Humans; Lung; Myofibroblasts; Pulmonary Artery; Reactive Oxygen Species; Stem Cells; Vasculitis
PubMed: 23737168
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c090017