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Poultry Science Dec 2019Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella Pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry worldwide, which leads to serious economic losses... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella Pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry worldwide, which leads to serious economic losses in many developing countries because of its high mortality rate in young chicks. The traditional slide agglutination test with low cost, fast reaction, and on-site detection has been widely used in the diagnosis of Pullorum disease. However, in practice, the test performance is with the disadvantages of false positive results and unstable detection results. In this paper, we developed self-made agglutination antigens prepared by local isolates in the poultry farm and compare the detection performance with commercial agglutination antigens (China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control) and Group D Salmonella ELISA kit (BioChek UK Ltd). The results of detecting 200 serum samples indicated that the consistency of commercial agglutination antigen detecting in 2 times was only 79.5%. Using the ELISA kit as the reference method, the commercial agglutination antigen detecting results of the Kappa test were only moderately consistent (0.58 ∼ 0.59). Meanwhile, positive and total coincidence rates of the self-made agglutination antigen test with more reliable repeat could reach 97.4 and 88%, respectively, and the result of Kappa test was highly consistent (0.75). The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis clarified that the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve values of self-made and commercial agglutination antigen tests could reach 0.861 and 0.804, respectively. These results were coincident when detecting known positive serum from the infected chickens. It's worth mentioning that the visible positive reaction of self-made agglutination antigen test appeared faster and stronger than commercial antigen test. In conclusion, self-made Salmonella Pullorum agglutination antigen developed in this study was much better than commercial agglutination antigen and is expected to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of the epidemiology of Salmonella Pullorum.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Chickens; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 31399741
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez453 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Dec 2018Based on world-wide evaluation, the direct agglutination test (DAT) is now generally acknowledged as one of the leading diagnostics for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). To...
User and environment friendly direct agglutination test for the sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: exclusion of formaldehyde and β-mercaptoethanol in test execution.
PURPOSE
Based on world-wide evaluation, the direct agglutination test (DAT) is now generally acknowledged as one of the leading diagnostics for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). To enhance more routine and mass application, but simultaneously ensure safety to both user and environment, further improvements need to be introduced.
METHODOLOGY
In the current format, a two-sixfold titre decrease was observed due to using formaldehyde as an antigen preservative in DAT. Successful formaldehyde preservative exclusion was achieved by increasing its concentration to 3 % (wt/vol) for conserving promastigote status after β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) treatment and repeating exposure of the parasite to the fixative after Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining.
RESULTS
Microbial contamination was not observed in any of the antigen aliquots preserved in 0.05 % (wt/vol) sodium dichloroisocyanurate (chlorine) instead of formaldehyde for 6 months or longer. By excluding formaldehyde, restoring the normal antibody level, prior to treatment of sera with β-ME only minimally influenced the test outcome. A comparable successful reduction in non-specific agglutination, as with β-ME, was achieved by incorporating urea (0.3 % wt/vol) in the improved DAT procedure (P=0.646; T=23.0). As with the current procedure, the improved equivalent (formaldehyde and β-ME free) showed good reliability for VL detection (VL - Fr=52.39, W=0.70, P<0.001; and non-VL - Fr=65.97, W=0.83, P<0.001). A much lower cut-off (titre 1 : 400 versus 1 : 3200) for VL diagnosis can be adopted if urea is integrated in the improved procedure.
CONCLUSIONS
By introducing the modifications mentioned, we think we have succeeded to a reasonable degree in increasing the DAT potential for VL control.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Formaldehyde; Humans; Leishmania donovani; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Mercaptoethanol; Serologic Tests; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 30325295
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000858 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 1998A commercially available slide agglutination test (SAT) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis was evaluated by comparing it to an immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A commercially available slide agglutination test (SAT) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis was evaluated by comparing it to an immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For all 108 patients, leptospirosis was diagnosed on the basis of a fourfold or greater increase in titer by MAT (seroconversion), and all but 1 of 245 controls were MAT negative (titers, <1:100). Both SAT and the IgM ELISA failed to detect one case of infection (sensitivity, 99%). Only 3 of 145 blood donors and none of the 100 patients with other illnesses were SAT positive (specificity, 99%). The overall results were similar for the three tests; however, SAT and ELISA were statistically more sensitive as initial screening tests. For 22% of the patients, the diagnosis of leptospirosis was made earlier by SAT than by MAT. SAT detected 27 (44%) of 62 MAT-negative patients with the first serum sample. ELISA and SAT had very similar results. Follow-up of patients for 1 year after the onset of symptoms showed a decreasing rate of positivity by SAT from the third month on. The rate of positivity by ELISA decreased more slowly, to about 67% by the end of the study. By MAT all patients were persistently reactive. SAT and ELISA seem to be convenient methods for the rapid and early screening for leptospirosis and could replace the less sensitive MAT. ELISA gives less subjective results than SAT and provides information on IgM kinetics, but it can be performed only by the more sophisticated laboratories. SAT is inexpensive, can be performed more quickly and more easily than ELISA, and could be used by the less well equipped laboratories.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Male; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors
PubMed: 9774553
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.36.11.3138-3142.1998 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jun 2011Bovine besnoitiosis is caused by Besnoitia besnoiti, an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite. Affected animals present cutaneous and systemic manifestations and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Bovine besnoitiosis is caused by Besnoitia besnoiti, an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite. Affected animals present cutaneous and systemic manifestations and the disease may lead to considerable economic losses. Although generally associated to tropical and subtropical areas, bovine besnoitiosis is now considered an emergent disease in Europe, due to the increasing number of new cases and apparent geographical expansion. In this study we evaluated the performance of a modified agglutination test (B-MAT) in the serodiagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis in comparison to the indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test (IFAT). To establish optimal protocol conditions we used bovine sera with a known infection status for B. besnoiti infection. Positive animals (n=36) presented B. besnoiti dermal cysts and anti-B. besnoiti specific antibodies, as determined by the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT). Negative animals (n=103) were from non-endemic areas in Portugal and negative by the IFAT. From here, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the B-MAT relative to the IFAT with a panel of sera from herds with history of bovine besnoitiosis in Portugal, Spain and France (n=402), using three serum dilutions (1:80, 1:160, 1:320). Considering the positive cut-off at 1:160 serum dilution, the B-MAT showed an almost perfect test agreement with the IFAT; (κ=0.968; 95% CI: 0.941-0.996) with a relative sensitivity of 97.2% (95% CI: 94.1-100%) and a relative specificity of 99.3% (95% CI: 98.4-100%). As a simple and inexpensive technique the B-MAT represents a valuable tool for the diagnosis and study of the epidemiology of bovine besnoitiosis.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Coccidiosis; Europe; Sarcocystidae; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 21324602
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.035 -
Wisconsin Medical Journal Sep 1946
Topics: Agglutination; Agglutination Tests; Agglutinins; Humans
PubMed: 20997550
DOI: No ID Found -
Vox Sanguinis Jul 2015ABO-incompatible red blood cell transfusions still represent an important hazard in transfusion medicine. Therefore, some countries have introduced a systematic bedside...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
ABO-incompatible red blood cell transfusions still represent an important hazard in transfusion medicine. Therefore, some countries have introduced a systematic bedside ABO agglutination test checking that the right blood is given to the right patient. However, this strategy requires an extremely time-consuming learning programme and relies on a subjective interpretation of ABO test cards agglutination. We developed a prototype of a fully automated device performing the bedside agglutination test that could be completed by reading of a barcoded wristband. This POCT checks the ABO compatibility between the patient and the blood bag.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Proof of concept and analytical validation of the prototype has been completed on 451 blood samples: 238 donor packed red blood cells, 137 consecutive unselected patients for whom a blood group determination had been ordered and on 76 patient samples selected with pathology that could possibly interfere with or impair performances of the assay.
RESULTS
We observed 100% concordance for ABO blood groups between the POCT and the laboratory instrument.
CONCLUSION
These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of ABO determination with a simple POCT device eliminating manipulation and subjective interpretation responsible for transfusion errors. This device should be linked to the blood bank system allowing all cross-check of the results.
Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Agglutination Tests; Automation; Blood Banks; Blood Group Incompatibility; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; Female; Humans; Male; Point-of-Care Testing; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
PubMed: 25766458
DOI: 10.1111/vox.12248 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... 2002
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Humans; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 12174795
DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90122-7 -
International Journal of Medical... 2011Different serological tests are used in serologic diagnosis of brucellosis. The most widely used of these are Standard Tube Agglutination and Coombs anti-brucella tests....
BACKGROUND
Different serological tests are used in serologic diagnosis of brucellosis. The most widely used of these are Standard Tube Agglutination and Coombs anti-brucella tests. Whereas ELISA Ig M and Ig G tests have been in use for a long time, immuncapture agglutination test has been recently introduced and used in serological diagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic values of ELISA Ig M and Ig G and immuncapture agglutination tests with Coombs anti-brucella test.
METHODS
Sera from 200 patients with presumptive diagnosis of brucellosis were included into the study. Coombs anti-brucella test, ELISA Ig M and Ig G tests and Immuncapture test were investigated in these sera. Then, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive and positive predictive values were calculated.
RESULTS
Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive and positive predictive values were found to be 90.6%, 76.3%, 94.2%, and 65.9% respectively for the Immuncapture test, whereas they were found to be 73.7%, 58.9%, 84.2%, and 42.8% for Ig G and 72.2%, 67.8%, 85.2%, and 48.7% for Ig M. The Immuncapture test was found to be compatible with ELISA Ig M and Ig G tests but it was statistically incompatible with Coombs anti-brucella test.
CONCLUSIONS
Immuncapture agglutination test yields similar results to those of Coombs anti-brucella test. This test is a useful test by virtue of the fact that it determines blocking antibodies in the diagnosis and follow-up of brucellosis.
Topics: Adult; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibody Affinity; Brucella; Brucellosis; Coombs Test; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 21814476
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8.428 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Aug 1995The diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants requires the use of more than one serological test. The complement fixation test (CFT), the rose bengal test... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants requires the use of more than one serological test. The complement fixation test (CFT), the rose bengal test (RBT), and the serum agglutination test (SAT) are among the most useful tests for routine diagnosis. The microagglutination test (MAT) was developed as a simpler and more efficient test than the SAT. The relative efficacy of this test compared with that of the SAT was evaluated by using brucella-free sheep and goats prior to and after vaccination treatment. The specificities of the MAT and the SAT were 100%. Of the ewes and goats with a vaccination history, one ewe, expectedly a negative responder, had reactions in the MAT, the complement fixation test, and the rose bengal test but not in the SAT, suggesting a lower sensitivity of the SAT in this case. The calculated sensitivities of the MAT and the SAT were 93.9%. The agreement between MAT and SAT results from nonresponders was examined by using sera from unvaccinated lambs and kids (95.2% agreement), unvaccinated ewes and goats (84.4%), and ewes and goats with a vaccination history (43.9%). For the latter group higher levels of agglutination units were observed by the MAT than by the SAT in 51.5% of the samples. In testing sera from positive reactors after vaccination neither method was superior (MAT values were greater than SAT values for 23.5% of the samples, and MAT values were less than SAT values for 21.9% of the samples). Comparison of the methods on the individual sample level revealed a significant correlation between the MAT and the SAT (r = 0.96 +/- 0.005; P < 0.001). Since the MAT is simpler to perform than the SAT and can potentially be automated, the inclusion of the MAT as a supplementary test in brucellosis control programs is recommended.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Complement Fixation Tests; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Rose Bengal; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 7559970
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.8.2166-2170.1995 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2014
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Child; HIV Infections; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 25297041
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142234