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Current Rheumatology Reports Dec 2007Body image is the way a person's body feels to them. Growing evidence shows that body image can be distorted in people with pain, particularly chronic pain. Most data... (Review)
Review
Body image is the way a person's body feels to them. Growing evidence shows that body image can be distorted in people with pain, particularly chronic pain. Most data relate to people with deafferentation via amputation or neural injury, but deafferentation is neither sufficient nor necessary for distorted body image or pain. In this review, we examine the literature relating to body image distortion in people with pain, and we discuss three themes: 1) evidence of distorted body image in people with pain; 2) evidence of distortion of the neural representations of body image held in primary sensory and primary motor cortex; and 3) clinical findings that correlate with distorted body image, distorted neural representation, or both. We then review the emerging evidence regarding therapeutic approaches to distorted body image in people with painful disease.
Topics: Agnosia; Body Image; Humans; Pain; Pain Management; User-Computer Interface
PubMed: 18177603
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-007-0079-x -
Brain and Cognition Apr 1997Two patients with visual apperceptive agnosia were examined on tasks assessing the appreciation of visual material. Elementary visual functioning was relatively...
Two patients with visual apperceptive agnosia were examined on tasks assessing the appreciation of visual material. Elementary visual functioning was relatively preserved, but they had profound difficulty recognizing and naming line drawings. More detailed evaluation revealed accurate recognition of regular geometric shapes and colors, but performance deteriorated when the shapes were made more complex visually, when multiple-choice arrays contained larger numbers of simple targets and foils, and when a mental manipulation such as a rotation was required. The recognition of letters and words was similarly compromised. Naming, recognition, and anomaly judgments of colored pictures and real objects were more accurate than similar decisions involving black-and-white line drawings. Visual imagery for shapes, letters, and objects appeared to be more accurate than visual perception of the same materials. We hypothesize that object recognition difficulty in visual apperceptive agnosia is due to two related factors: the impaired appreciation of the visual perceptual features that constitute objects, and a limitation in the cognitive resources that are available for processing demanding material within the visual modality.
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Visual Fields
PubMed: 9126398
DOI: 10.1006/brcg.1997.0876 -
No To Shinkei = Brain and Nerve Jul 1989In recent years, prosopagnosia is defined as the "loss of ability to recognize the well-acquainted persons like the family members by their physiognomy." There are many... (Review)
Review
In recent years, prosopagnosia is defined as the "loss of ability to recognize the well-acquainted persons like the family members by their physiognomy." There are many reports based on this definition. However, from the viewpoint of symptomatology, there are many problems not entirely solved yet. And the mechanism of its manifestation is not clearly explained. Topographic disorientation, which often accompanies prosopagnosia, is studied even less. From the results of the postmortem examination in the literature, bilateral occipito-temporal lesions have been known to cause prosopagnosia. However, the recent radiographical examination by the computed tomography revealed that the prosopagnosia is also caused by the right occipito-temporal lesions only. We experienced a case with prosopagnosia and topographic disorientation which were considered to be caused by infarction in the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery. Detailed symptomatological, morphological and functional examinations were carried out by means of various psychological testing, X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). The patient was a 70-year-old right-handed man who suffered from sudden visual loss on both eyes, and was admitted to our hospital after four weeks. On examination, a decrease of visual acuity and right homonymous hemianopsia were recognized. When visual acuity was recovered, he was unable to recognize the faces of his relatives and friends, with whom he has been well acquainted for many years. He also found his own house, the buildings and streets around it as entirely unfamiliar. Seven months after the onset of the disease, examination showed he had definite prosopagnosia and topographic disorientation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Cerebral Infarction; Face; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Memory; Space Perception; Tomography, Emission-Computed; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Visual Perception
PubMed: 2684250
DOI: No ID Found -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Dec 2014Anosognosia is present in a large proportion of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its frequency increases with the progression of the illness. Several... (Review)
Review
Anosognosia is present in a large proportion of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its frequency increases with the progression of the illness. Several instruments have been validated to assess anosognosia in AD, but there is no consensus regarding the best diagnostic strategy. Anosognosia in AD is a significant predictor of apathy and is significantly related to lower depression and anxiety scores, more severe caregiver burden and dangerous behaviours. Studies using different imaging modalities have demonstrated an association between anosognosia and dysfunction in frontal, temporomedial and temporoparietal regions. The mechanism of anosognosia remains unknown, but it has been explained as a consequence of deficits of encoding and updating biographical memory, and dysfunction of comparator, executive and metacognitive systems.
Topics: Agnosia; Alzheimer Disease; Apathy; Depression; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Memory
PubMed: 25481465
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.07.019 -
Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2016In spite of the increasing number of studies on insight in psychiatry and also in neurology and psychology, its nature is still elusive. It encompasses at least three... (Review)
Review
In spite of the increasing number of studies on insight in psychiatry and also in neurology and psychology, its nature is still elusive. It encompasses at least three fundamental characteristics: the awareness of suffering from an illness, an understanding of the cause and source of this suffering, and an acknowledgment of the need for treatment. As such, insight is fundamental for patients' management, prognosis, and treatment. Not surprisingly, the majority of available data, which have been gathered on schizophrenia, show a relationship between low insight and poorer outcomes. For mood disorders, however, insight is associated with less positive results. For other psychiatric disorders, insight has rarely been investigated. In neurology, the impaired ability to recognize the presence of sensory, perceptual, motor, affective, or cognitive functioning-referred to as anosognosia-has been related to damage of specific brain regions. This article provides a comprehensive review of insight in different psychiatric and neurological disorders, with a special focus on brain areas and neurotransmitters that serve as the substrate for this complex phenomenon.
Topics: Agnosia; Awareness; Humans; Mental Disorders; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 27075815
DOI: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000083 -
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Jul 1996We report a case of multiple sclerosis with visual form agnosia and callosal syndromes. Initially, the patient's visual recognition of object form was severely disturbed...
We report a case of multiple sclerosis with visual form agnosia and callosal syndromes. Initially, the patient's visual recognition of object form was severely disturbed at the perceptual stage, in association with left-sided ideomotor apraxia and agraphia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed large white matter lesions in the bilateral frontal and occipital lobes, the latter extending to the occipitotemporal junction, and widespread corpus callosum lesions. Over the course of one year follow-up, neuropsychological examinations indicated that the patient's visual recognition defects occurred not only at the early substage of form perception, but also at the stage of reproducing the shape of objects from visual memory store. The present case suggests that neural connections between the striate cortex and occipitotemporal visual areas are crucial for both the perceptual and associative stages of visual object recognition.
Topics: Agnosia; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuropsychological Tests; Visual Perception
PubMed: 8874592
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00037.x -
Neuropsychologia Jul 2012This paper reports the first ever detailed study about eye movement patterns during single object recognition in visual agnosia. Eye movements were recorded in a patient...
This paper reports the first ever detailed study about eye movement patterns during single object recognition in visual agnosia. Eye movements were recorded in a patient with an integrative agnosic deficit during two recognition tasks: common object naming and novel object recognition memory. The patient showed normal directional biases in saccades and fixation dwell times in both tasks and was as likely as controls to fixate within object bounding contour regardless of recognition accuracy. In contrast, following initial saccades of similar amplitude to controls, the patient showed a bias for short saccades. In object naming, but not in recognition memory, the similarity of the spatial distributions of patient and control fixations was modulated by recognition accuracy. The study provides new evidence about how eye movements can be used to elucidate the functional impairments underlying object recognition deficits. We argue that the results reflect a breakdown in normal functional processes involved in the integration of shape information across object structure during the visual perception of shape.
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Eye Movements; Face; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Intelligence Tests; Language Tests; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Photic Stimulation; Prosopagnosia; Psychomotor Performance; Reading; Recognition, Psychology; Saccades; Semantics; Stroke; Visual Perception
PubMed: 22627025
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.005 -
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue... Jun 2010
Topics: Affective Symptoms; Agnosia; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Motivation; Neurocognitive Disorders; Prognosis; Stroke
PubMed: 20540827
DOI: 10.1177/070674371005500601 -
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental... May 1991We report a quantitative investigation of three patients who presented with a profound prosopagnosia. They were tested on a series of tests of face perception, face...
We report a quantitative investigation of three patients who presented with a profound prosopagnosia. They were tested on a series of tests of face perception, face recognition, and paired associate learning using faces. A patient with marked perceptual difficulties but no difficulty whatever in recognizing faces was tested as a control. The control patient's performance was as bad or worse on the tests of perception of faces, and it is concluded that impaired performance on tests of face perception does not contribute to difficulties in recognizing familiar faces. The major difference between the three prosopagnosic patients was the evidence of covert recognition in two of these cases but not in the third. We use this evidence to argue that the perceptual/mnestic distinction is an inappropriate classification and would suggest instead that the two types may be described in terms either of a disconnection of the face recognition units or of damage to the units themselves.
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Cerebral Cortex; Dominance, Cerebral; Face; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Pattern Recognition, Visual
PubMed: 1866460
DOI: 10.1080/14640749108400970 -
World Neurosurgery Oct 2020Gerstmanns syndrome-a clinical constellation of left-right confusion, finger agnosia, agraphia, and acalculia-is frequently attributed to pathology in the dominant...
BACKGROUND
Gerstmanns syndrome-a clinical constellation of left-right confusion, finger agnosia, agraphia, and acalculia-is frequently attributed to pathology in the dominant inferior parietal lobe or temporo-occipital region. However, these unique clinical findings are often accompanied by more subtle signs, including aphasias, neglect, and agnosias. Associative visual agnosia, in which a patient is able to accurately perceive and describe but not recognize an object or symbol, is a well-documented but infrequently observed clinical entity.
CASE DESCRIPTION
Here we detail 2 unique cases of patients who presented with the inability to recognize and use smartphone application icons. Both were found to have left temporo-occipital tumors displacing the left temporo-parietooccipital cortex.
CONCLUSIONS
In the era of pervasive technology, we emphasize that smartphone icon associative visual agnosias may be recognized by discerning physicians in the clinical diagnosis of dominant parietal lobe pathology.
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Brain Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gerstmann Syndrome; Humans; Middle Aged; Parietal Lobe; Smartphone
PubMed: 32673807
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.030