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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Ever since its discovery, the applications of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) can be found across a range of application domains, from structural design to medical technology.... (Review)
Review
Ever since its discovery, the applications of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) can be found across a range of application domains, from structural design to medical technology. This is based upon the unique and inherent characteristics such as thermal Shape Memory Effect (SME) and Superelasticity (or Pseudoelasticity). While thermal SME is used for shape morphing applications wherein temperature change can govern the shape and dimension of the SMA, Superelasticity allows the alloy to withstand a comparatively very high magnitude of loads without undergoing plastic deformation at higher temperatures. These unique properties in wearables have revolutionized the field, and from fabrics to exoskeletons, SMA has found its place in robotics and cobotics. This review article focuses on the most recent research work in the field of SMA-based smart wearables paired with robotic applications for human-robot interaction. The literature is categorized based on SMA property incorporated and on actuator or sensor-based concept. Further, use-cases or conceptual frameworks for SMA fiber in fabric for '' and SMA springs in the shoe soles for '' are proposed. The conceptual frameworks are built upon existing technologies; however, their utility in a smart factory concept is emphasized, and algorithms to achieve the same are proposed. The integration of the two concepts with the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is discussed, specifically regarding minimizing hazards for the worker/user in Industry 5.0. The article aims to propel a discussion regarding the multi-faceted applications of SMAs in human-robot interaction and Industry 5.0. Furthermore, the challenges and the limitations of the smart alloy and the technological barriers restricting the growth of SMA applications in the field of smart wearables are observed and elaborated.
Topics: Alloys; Humans; Plastics; Robotics; Shape Memory Alloys; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 36146151
DOI: 10.3390/s22186802 -
Materials Science & Engineering. C,... Feb 2021From the past few years, developments of β-Ti alloys have been the subject of active research in the medical domain. The current paper highlights significant findings... (Review)
Review
From the past few years, developments of β-Ti alloys have been the subject of active research in the medical domain. The current paper highlights significant findings in the area of β-Ti alloy design, biological responses, strengthening mechanisms, and developing low-cost implants with a high degree of biocompatibility. It is evident that an astonishing demand for developing the low modulus-high strength implants can be fulfilled by synchronizing β stabilizer content and incorporating tailored thermo-mechanical techniques. Furthermore, the biological response of the implants is as important as the physical properties that regulate healing response; hence, the optimum selection of alloying elements plays a curial role for clinical success. The paper also presents the evolution of patents in this field from the year 2010 to 2020 showing the relevant innovations that may benefit a wide range of researchers.
Topics: Alloys; Biocompatible Materials; Elastic Modulus; Materials Testing; Prostheses and Implants; Titanium
PubMed: 33579432
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111661 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2020Metallic alloy nanoparticles are synthesized by combining two or more different metals. Bimetallic or trimetallic nanoparticles are considered more effective than... (Review)
Review
Metallic alloy nanoparticles are synthesized by combining two or more different metals. Bimetallic or trimetallic nanoparticles are considered more effective than monometallic nanoparticles because of their synergistic characteristics. In this review, we outline the structure, synthesis method, properties, and biological applications of metallic alloy nanoparticles based on their plasmonic, catalytic, and magnetic characteristics.
Topics: Alloys; Catalysis; Diagnostic Imaging; Drug Delivery Systems; Magnetic Fields; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 32708351
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145174 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Apr 2022At present, alloys have broad application prospects in heterogeneous catalysis, due to their various catalytic active sites produced by their vast element combinations... (Review)
Review
At present, alloys have broad application prospects in heterogeneous catalysis, due to their various catalytic active sites produced by their vast element combinations and complex geometric structures. However, it is the diverse variables of alloys that lead to the difficulty in understanding the structure-property relationship for conventional experimental and theoretical methods. Fortunately, machine learning methods are helpful to address the issue. Machine learning can not only deal with a large number of data rapidly, but also help establish the physical picture of reactions in multidimensional heterogeneous catalysis. The key challenge in machine learning is the exploration of suitable general descriptors to accurately describe various types of alloy catalysts, which help reasonably design catalysts and efficiently screen candidates. In this review, several kinds of machine learning methods commonly used in the design of alloy catalysts is introduced, and the applications of various reactivity descriptors corresponding to different alloy systems is summarized. Importantly, this work clarifies the existing understanding of physical picture of heterogeneous catalysis, and emphasize the significance of rational selection of universal descriptors. Finally, the development of heterogeneous catalytic descriptors for machine learning are presented.
Topics: Alloys; Catalysis; Machine Learning
PubMed: 35229986
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106043 -
Acta Biomaterialia Apr 2020Zinc (Zn) alloys are receiving increasing attention in the field of biodegradable implant materials due to their unique combination of suitable biodegradability and good...
Zinc (Zn) alloys are receiving increasing attention in the field of biodegradable implant materials due to their unique combination of suitable biodegradability and good biological functionalities. However, the currently existing industrial Zn alloys are not necessarily biocompatible, nor sufficiently mechanically strong and wear-resistant. In this study, a Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy is developed with enhanced mechanical strength, corrosion wear property, biocompatibility, and antibacterial ability for biodegradable implant material applications. HR and HR + CR were performed on the as-cast alloy and its microstructure, mechanical properties, frictional and wear behaviors, corrosion resistance, in vitro cytocompatibility, and antibacterial ability were systematically assessed. The microstructures of the Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy after different deformation conditions included a η-Zn phase, a ε-CuZn phase, and an intermetallic phase of TiZn. The HR+CR sample of Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti exhibited a yield strength of 204.2 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 249.9 MPa, and an elongation of 75.2%; significantly higher than those of the HR alloy and the AC alloy. The degradation rate in Hanks' solution was 0.029 mm/y for the AC alloy, 0.032 mm/y for the HR+CR alloy, and 0.034 mm/y for the HR alloy. The HR Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed the best wear resistance, followed by the AC alloy and the alloy after HR + CR. The extract of the AC Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed over 80% cell viability with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells at a concentration of ≤ 25%. The as-cast Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed good blood compatibility and antibacterial ability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work repots a Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy with enhanced mechanical strength, corrosion wear property, biocompatibility, and antibacterial ability for biodegradable implant applications. Our findings showed that Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti after hot-rolling plus cold-rolling exhibited a yield strength of 204.2 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 249.9 MPa, an elongation of 75.2%, and a degradation rate of 0.032 mm/y in Hanks' Solution. The hot-rolled Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti showed the best wear resistance. The extract of the as-cast alloy at a concentration of ≤ 25% showed over 80% cell viability with MC3T3-E1 and MG-63 cells. The Zn-1Cu-0.1Ti alloy showed good hemocompatibility and antibacterial ability.
Topics: Absorbable Implants; Alloys; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Copper; Hemolysis; Humans; Materials Testing; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus aureus; Tensile Strength; Titanium; Zinc
PubMed: 32068137
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.017 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... Sep 2021Silver or palladium shelled gold nanoparticles were fused into alloy nanoparticles by pulsed-laser irradiation. The alloy nanoparticles could carry antibodies on their...
Silver or palladium shelled gold nanoparticles were fused into alloy nanoparticles by pulsed-laser irradiation. The alloy nanoparticles could carry antibodies on their surfaces without affecting their immune functionalities and interact selectively with antigens on a blotting membrane. Silver or palladium ions desorbed from the alloy nanoparticles as reporter ions upon the UV laser irradiation in a mass spectrometer.
Topics: Alloys; Gold; Gold Alloys; Metal Nanoparticles; Palladium; Silver
PubMed: 33678727
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21N001 -
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za... Mar 2024To review the research progress of magnesium and magnesium alloy implants in the repair and reconstruction of sports injury. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the research progress of magnesium and magnesium alloy implants in the repair and reconstruction of sports injury.
METHODS
Relevant literature of magnesium and magnesium alloys for sports injury repair and reconstruction was extensively reviewed. The characteristics of magnesium and its alloys and their applications in the repair and reconstruction of sports injuries across various anatomical sites were thoroughly discussed and summarized.
RESULTS
Magnesium and magnesium alloys have advantages in mechanical properties, biosafety, and promoting tendon-bone interface healing. Many preclinical studies on magnesium and magnesium alloy implants for repairing and reconstructing sports injuries have yielded promising results. However, successful clinical translation still requires addressing issues related to mechanical strength and degradation behavior, where alloying and surface treatments offer feasible solutions.
CONCLUSION
The clinical translation of magnesium and magnesium alloy implants for repairing and reconstructing sports injuries holds promise. Subsequent efforts should focus on optimizing the mechanical strength and degradation behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloy implants. Conducting larger-scale biocompatibility testing and developing novel magnesium-containing implants represent new directions for future research.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium; Athletic Injuries; Alloys; Prostheses and Implants; Materials Testing; Sports Medicine; Absorbable Implants; Corrosion
PubMed: 38500435
DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202401072 -
Materials Science & Engineering. C,... Feb 2021Magnesium (Mg) has mechanical properties similar to human bones and Mg alloy is considered ideal medical implant material. However, the high velocity of degradation...
Magnesium (Mg) has mechanical properties similar to human bones and Mg alloy is considered ideal medical implant material. However, the high velocity of degradation inside the human inner environment severely hampers the usage of Mg alloys. In this study, caerin peptide 1.9 (F3) and a modified sequence of caerin 1.1 (F1) with anti-bacterial activity, were covalently immobilised on the surface of Mg alloys by plasma chemical click reaction. The in vitro antibacterial activity and corrosion resistance of these caerin peptide-immobilised Mg alloys were investigated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) solution. Un-immobilised Mg alloy sample, blank drug-sensitive tablet (BASD) and a commonly used antibiotics Tazocin were used for comparison. Results showed that peptide immobilised Mg samples showed observable improved corrosion resistance and prolonged antibacterial effect compared to non-immobilised Mg alloy and free caerin peptides. These results indicate that coating Mg alloy with caerin peptides obviously increases the alloy's antibacterial ability and putatively improves the corrosion resistance in vitro. The mechanism underlying the prolonged antibacterial effect for annealed Mg alloys immobilised with the peptides (especially F3) remains unclear, which worth further experimental and theoretical investigation.
Topics: Alloys; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Corrosion; Humans; Magnesium; Peptides; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33579462
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111819 -
Acta Biomaterialia Apr 2022The existing biodegradable magnesium alloy stent (BMgS) structure is prone to problems, such as insufficient support capacity and early fracture at areas of concentrated...
The existing biodegradable magnesium alloy stent (BMgS) structure is prone to problems, such as insufficient support capacity and early fracture at areas of concentrated stress. Herein, a stent structural design, which reduced the cross section of the traditional sin-wave stent by nearly 30% and introduces a regular arc structure in the middle of the support ring. The influence of the dual-parameter design of bending radius (r) and ring length (L) on plastic deformation, expansion and compression resistance performances are discussed. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was used to search for the optimal solution. It was found that the introduction of parameter r effectively improved the plastic deformation and expansion performance, and the reduction of L improved stent compression resistance. Finally, an optimized stent configuration was obtained. In vitro mechanical tests, including balloon inflation, radial strength and flexibility, verified the simulation results. The radial strength for the optimised stent increases by approximately 40% compared with that for the sinusoidal stent. Microarea X-ray diffraction result shows that the circumferential residual stress for the optimised stent decreases by half compared with that for the sinusoidal stent, thus effectively reducing the stress concentration phenomenon. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite current progress in BMgS research, the optimal design of the structure is limited. We present a new type of structurally designed stent. The performance of this stent was analysed by a finite element method and experimentally verified. The structural design positively influenced stent performance.
Topics: Alloys; Finite Element Analysis; Magnesium; Plastics; Prosthesis Design; Stents; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 35085798
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.045 -
Biomaterials Advances Feb 2022In order to avoid the toxic and side effects on human body of long-term dissolution of metal ions from antibacterial titanium alloys, Au element with non-toxicity and...
In order to avoid the toxic and side effects on human body of long-term dissolution of metal ions from antibacterial titanium alloys, Au element with non-toxicity and non-side effect was selected as the alloying element to prepare a new Ti-Au alloy with strong antibacterial property. We produced Ti-Au(S) sintered alloy by powder metallurgy and Ti-Au ingot alloy by ingot metallurgy, and investigated the influence of the secondary phase on the relative antimicrobial properties and antibacterial mechanism in this work. The results indicated that the aged Ti-Au(T6) alloy and Ti-Au(S) sintered alloy exhibited strong antibacterial rate against S. aureus due to the formation of TiAu phases. In vitro cell culture (MC3T3 cells) experiments showed that Ti-Au alloys had good cytocompatibility and osteogenic properties. The following viewpoints of antibacterial mechanism are that the TiAu destroyed the ROS homeostasis of bacteria, causing oxidative stress in bacterial cells and preventing from the biofilms formation.
Topics: Aged; Alloys; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Corrosion; Humans; Staphylococcus aureus; Titanium
PubMed: 35034820
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112653