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Journal of Virology Dec 1967Investigations were conducted on the in vitro replication of the reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus (strain T) in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF)...
Investigations were conducted on the in vitro replication of the reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus (strain T) in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures. Active virus production was detected in the tissue culture fluid 24 hr after infection. When injected into chickens, samples taken 42 hr after infection of the cell cultures killed approximately 50% of the birds at a 1:100 dilution. The RE virus titer remained at this level for 5 days before declining. Cell-free virus preparations from tissue cultures rarely resulted in 100% mortality of the assay birds. The level of cell-associated virus was very low. Evidence that the reticuloendotheliosis was not induced by a mycoplasma was indicated by failure to isolate an organism on PPLO Agar (Difco) and failure of kanamycin or amphotericin B to inhibit multiplication of RE virus in vitro. RE virus appeared to be unrelated to members of the avian leukosis and sarcoma complex. It did not induce resistance in CEF cultures to sarcoma viruses of the A or B subgroup of this complex. Similarly, preinfection of cell cultures with leukosis viruses of the A or B subgroup did not inhibit or reduce the replication of RE virus.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Amphotericin B; Animals; Avian Leukosis Virus; Chick Embryo; Culture Techniques; Fibroblasts; Kanamycin; Virus Replication
PubMed: 4316244
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.1.6.1117-1121.1967 -
Journal of Virology Jan 2006The ability of many retroviruses to cause disease can be correlated to their cytopathic effect (CPE) in tissue culture characterized by an acute period of cell death and...
The ability of many retroviruses to cause disease can be correlated to their cytopathic effect (CPE) in tissue culture characterized by an acute period of cell death and viral DNA accumulation. Here, we show that mutants of a subgroup B avian retrovirus (Alpharetrovirus) cause a very dramatic CPE in certain susceptible avian cells that is coincident with elevated levels of apoptosis, as measured by nuclear morphology, and persistent viral DNA accumulation. These mutants also have a broadly extended host range that includes rodent, cat, dog, monkey, and human cells (31). Previously, we have shown that the mutants exhibit diminished resistance to superinfection. The results presented here have important implications for the process of evolution of retroviruses to use distinct cellular receptors.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Apoptosis; Biological Evolution; Cell Line; Cell Nucleus; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; DNA, Viral; Mutation; Retroviridae Infections; Tumor Virus Infections; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 16378958
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.80.2.562-570.2006 -
Virology Jan 1985RSV transforms several nonhematopoietic cell types and as reported here also has the capacity to transform hematopoietic cells of the erythroid lineage. In vitro, the...
RSV transforms several nonhematopoietic cell types and as reported here also has the capacity to transform hematopoietic cells of the erythroid lineage. In vitro, the three RSV isolates tested induced erythroblast-like colonies in infected bone marrow cells that were distinguishable by size and cell arrangement from those induced by avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV). Also in contrast to AEV-transformed erythroblast cultures, isolated cell colonies induced by RSV required complex growth conditions in liquid medium similar to the in vitro conditions necessary for erythroblasts transformed by the acute leukemia virus E26. Temperature-shift experiments using temperature-sensitive (ts) NY68 RSV revealed that when grown at the nonpermissive temperature (42 degrees), mutant-infected cells became benzidine positive and partially differentiated into erythrocytes. Wild-type (wt) RSV-transformed cells did not undergo similar changes. However, both wt RSV-, and to a greater extent, ts RSV-transformed cultures at the permissive temperature (37 degrees) did contain populations of spontaneously differentiating erythroid cells signifying that the transforming activity of the virus did not fully arrest erythroid maturation. In addition, the RSV-transformed cells did express tyrosine kinase activity. When injected intravenously into birds, RSV induced an erythroblastosis-like disease similar to AEV but also caused fibrosarcomas and leg paralysis. These results show that RSV can alter the pattern of erythroid differentiation in a manner similar to, but distinct from, AEV and indicate that the tyrosine-specific pp60src kinase is involved in erythroid cell transformation. Since the src and erb B proteins share a significant amino acid homology, these data suggest that both may also share a common functional homology.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Avian Leukosis; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Bone Marrow; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Erythroblasts; Oncogene Protein pp60(v-src); Oncogenes; Protein Kinases; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 2982235
DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90365-4 -
Applied Microbiology Feb 1971A laboratory test system specific for Marek's disease was developed by using the pathological response of the chicken embryo. Chicken epidermal scales (dander) and...
A laboratory test system specific for Marek's disease was developed by using the pathological response of the chicken embryo. Chicken epidermal scales (dander) and feather calami from infected chickens contain an agent(s) which after a 3- to 4-day incubation period caused gross or microscopic pathological changes (or both) in the embryo. A cell-free inoculum was obtained from infectious dander by 5-min sonic treatment, differential centrifugation, and membrane filtering (0.45 mum). Evidence for the cell-free existence of this agent(s) was obtained when membrane filtrates of dander preparations were shown to cause Marek's disease in 10-day-old chickens and in chickens inoculated at 1 day of age.
Topics: Acute Disease; Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Avian Leukosis; Biological Assay; Cell-Free System; Centrifugation; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Epithelium; Extraembryonic Membranes; Feathers; Filtration; Histological Techniques; Poultry Diseases; Vibration
PubMed: 5544293
DOI: 10.1128/am.21.2.321-326.1971 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Aug 1984Avian erythroblastosis virus, a retrovirus that causes erythroblastosis and sarcomas in infected birds, possesses two host cell-derived genes [viral (v) erb-A and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Avian erythroblastosis virus, a retrovirus that causes erythroblastosis and sarcomas in infected birds, possesses two host cell-derived genes [viral (v) erb-A and erb-B]. Although v-erb-B seems to be responsible for oncogenic transformation, v-erb-A might have an enhancing effect on transformation. In chickens, the natural host for avian erythroblastosis virus, cellular (c) erb-A and erb-B genes appear to be unlinked, but their chromosomal locations in other species are unknown. To ascertain the chromosomal location of c-erb genes in man and mouse, we analyzed interspecies somatic cell and microcell hybrids by Southern filter hybridization techniques using specific v-erb-A and v-erb-B probes. We found c-erb-A sequences on human chromosome 17 (17p11----qter) and located c-erb-B on human chromosome 7 (7pter----q22). In contrast, both c-erb-A and c-erb-B reside on mouse chromosome 11.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Avian Leukosis Virus; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Human, 16-18; Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X; Genes, Viral; Genetic Linkage; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Mice; Oncogenes
PubMed: 6087351
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.15.4874 -
Cell Mar 1985The transforming protein v-erbB of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) displays extensive sequence homology with the presumptive protein-tyrosine kinase domain of the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The transforming protein v-erbB of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) displays extensive sequence homology with the presumptive protein-tyrosine kinase domain of the human EGF receptor and with the src protein-tyrosine kinase family of oncogenes. However, no kinase activity has previously been demonstrated for the v-erbB protein. Here antibodies generated against a synthetic peptide from the C terminus of human EGF receptor are shown to immunoprecipitate the EGF receptor from human and avian cells, as well as the v-erbB proteins from AEV-transformed cells that become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon the addition of gamma-32P-ATP. The immunoprecipitates are also able to phosphorylate exogenous tyrosine-containing substrates. Hence, it is likely that both avian EGF receptor and v-erbB proteins are protein tyrosine-specific protein kinases. Since the kinase activity of v-erbB protein cannot be regulated by EGF, it is proposed that the tyrosine protein kinase function of v-erbB may be constitutively activated.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Avian Leukosis Virus; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Chickens; ErbB Receptors; Immunosorbent Techniques; Molecular Weight; Oncogenes; Peptide Fragments; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinases; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Receptors, Cell Surface; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 2982501
DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90210-7 -
Nucleic Acids Research Dec 1988Two v-erbA-related genes, named ear-2 and ear-3, have been identified in the human genome and characterized by cDNA cloning. These genes are predicted to encode proteins...
Two v-erbA-related genes, named ear-2 and ear-3, have been identified in the human genome and characterized by cDNA cloning. These genes are predicted to encode proteins that are very similar in primary structure to receptors for steroid hormones or thyroid hormone (T3). In addition, amino acid sequences of the ear-2 and ear-3 gene products are very similar each other especially at the DNA binding domain (86% homology) and at the putative ligand binding domain (76% homology). Northern hybridization with ear DNA probes of RNAs from various tissues of a human fetus reveals that the expression of ear-2 is high in the liver whereas the expression of ear-3 is relatively ubiquitous. Hybridization analysis of DNAs from sorted chromosomes shows that the ear-2 gene is located on chromosome 19 and ear-3 on chromosome 5, indicating that the two genes are clearly different from each other.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Amino Acid Sequence; Avian Leukosis Virus; Base Sequence; Cell Line; Cloning, Molecular; DNA; Fetus; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; Oncogene Proteins v-erbA; Retroviridae Proteins; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 2905047
DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.23.11057 -
Journal of Virology Sep 1978The env gene of avian sarcoma-leukosis viruses codes for envelope glycoproteins that determine viral host range, antigenic specificity, and interference patterns. We...
The env gene of avian sarcoma-leukosis viruses codes for envelope glycoproteins that determine viral host range, antigenic specificity, and interference patterns. We used molecular hybridization to analyze the natural distribution and possible origins of the nucleotide sequences that encode env; our work exploited the availability of radioactive DNA (cDNA(gp)) complementary to most or all of env. env sequences were detectable in the DNAs of chickens which synthesized an env gene product (chick helper factor positive) encoded by an endogenous viral gene and also in the DNAs of chickens which synthesized little or no env gene product (chick helper factor negative). env sequences were not detectable in DNAs from Japanese quail, ring-necked pheasant, golden pheasant, duck, squab, salmon sperm, or calf thymus. The detection of sequences closely related to viral env only in chicken DNA contrasts sharply with the demonstration that the transforming gene (src) of avian sarcoma viruses has readily detectable homologues in the DNAs of all avian species tested [D. Stehelin, H. E. Varmus, J. M. Bishop, and P. K. Vogt, Nature (London) 260: 170-173, 1976] and in the DNAs of other vertebrates (D. Spector, personal communication). Thermal denaturation studies on duplexes formed between cDNA(gp) and chicken DNA and also between cDNA(gp) and RNAs of subgroup A to E viruses derived from chickens indicated that these duplexes were well matched. In contrast, cDNA(gp) did not form stable hybrids with RNAs of viruses which were isolated from ring-necked and golden pheasants. We conclude that substantial portions of nucleotide sequences within the env genes of viruses of subgroups A to E are closely related and that these genes probably have a common, perhaps cellular, evolutionary origin.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Base Sequence; Birds; Chickens; DNA; Genes, Viral; Glycoproteins; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Nucleic Acid Denaturation; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; RNA, Viral; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 212576
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.27.3.465-474.1978 -
Journal of Virology May 1973The RNA content and polypeptide composition of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was compared to that of C-type RNA tumor viruses. Two RNA species with approximate...
The RNA content and polypeptide composition of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was compared to that of C-type RNA tumor viruses. Two RNA species with approximate sedimentation values of 64S and 4S were observed after sucrose gradient centrifugation of RNA extracted from purified REV. The high-molecular-weight RNA species of REV sedimented slightly faster than that of the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Although these characteristics were consistent with those of other C-type RNA tumor viruses, significant differences were observed when the polypeptide composition of REV was compared with that of RSV possessing envelope determinants of Rous-associated virus RAV-2 and RAV-3. Five polypeptides of which two were glycosylated were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major nonglycosylated polypeptide of REV did not comigrate with that of RSV (RAV-2)-RSV(RAV-3). The majority of the group-specific antigen reactivity resides in this major nonglycosylated polypeptide of avian tumor viruses and comigrates when proteins of several avian tumor viruses are subjected to coelectrophoresis. This difference in the migration of the major polypeptide of REV and RSV(RAV-2)-RSV(RAV-3) may explain the absence of avian tumor virus group-specific antigen in REV.
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Avian Sarcoma Viruses; Carbon Isotopes; Cell Line; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Chick Embryo; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Peptides; Phosphorus Isotopes; RNA, Viral; Retroviridae; Satellite Viruses; Tritium; Viral Proteins; Virus Cultivation
PubMed: 4350718
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.11.5.741-747.1973 -
National Cancer Institute Monograph Dec 1972
Topics: Alpharetrovirus; Animals; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Viral; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Epitopes; Fetus; Genes; Histocompatibility Antigens; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 4121492
DOI: No ID Found