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Molecular Cell Oct 2019High-throughput sequencing-based methods and their applications in the study of transcriptomes have revolutionized our understanding of alternative splicing. Networks of... (Review)
Review
High-throughput sequencing-based methods and their applications in the study of transcriptomes have revolutionized our understanding of alternative splicing. Networks of functionally coordinated and biologically important alternative splicing events continue to be discovered in an ever-increasing diversity of cell types in the context of physiologically normal and disease states. These studies have been complemented by efforts directed at defining sequence codes governing splicing and their cognate trans-acting factors, which have illuminated important combinatorial principles of regulation. Additional studies have revealed critical roles of position-dependent, multivalent protein-RNA interactions that direct splicing outcomes. Investigations of evolutionary changes in RNA binding proteins, splice variants, and associated cis elements have further shed light on the emergence, mechanisms, and functions of splicing networks. Progress in these areas has emphasized the need for a coordinated, community-based effort to systematically address the functions of individual splice variants associated with normal and disease biology.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; RNA-Binding Proteins
PubMed: 31626751
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.017 -
Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology Apr 2023Alternative splicing is a substantial contributor to the high complexity of transcriptomes of multicellular eukaryotes. In this Review, we discuss the accumulated... (Review)
Review
Alternative splicing is a substantial contributor to the high complexity of transcriptomes of multicellular eukaryotes. In this Review, we discuss the accumulated evidence that most of this complexity is reflected at the protein level and fundamentally shapes the physiology and pathology of organisms. This notion is supported not only by genome-wide analyses but, mainly, by detailed studies showing that global and gene-specific modulations of alternative splicing regulate highly diverse processes such as tissue-specific and species-specific cell differentiation, thermal regulation, neuron self-avoidance, infrared sensing, the Warburg effect, maintenance of telomere length, cancer and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We also discuss how mastering the control of alternative splicing paved the way to clinically approved therapies for hereditary diseases.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genome; Transcriptome; Neurons
PubMed: 36229538
DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00545-z -
Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology Jul 2017Alternative splicing of eukaryotic transcripts is a mechanism that enables cells to generate vast protein diversity from a limited number of genes. The mechanisms and... (Review)
Review
Alternative splicing of eukaryotic transcripts is a mechanism that enables cells to generate vast protein diversity from a limited number of genes. The mechanisms and outcomes of alternative splicing of individual transcripts are relatively well understood, and recent efforts have been directed towards studying splicing networks. It has become apparent that coordinated splicing networks regulate tissue and organ development, and that alternative splicing has important physiological functions in different developmental processes in humans.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Animals; Humans; Proteins; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 28488700
DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.27 -
Genes Feb 2022Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is a key mechanism for increasing the complexity of proteins in humans, causing a diversity of expression of transcriptomes and... (Review)
Review
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is a key mechanism for increasing the complexity of proteins in humans, causing a diversity of expression of transcriptomes and proteomes in a tissue-specific manner. Alternative splicing is regulated by a variety of splicing factors. However, the changes and errors of splicing regulation caused by splicing factors are strongly related to many diseases, something which represents one of this study's main interests. Further understanding of alternative splicing regulation mediated by cellular factors is also a prospective choice to develop specific drugs for targeting the dynamic RNA splicing process. In this review, we firstly concluded the basic principle of alternative splicing. Afterwards, we showed how splicing isoforms affect physiological activities through specific disease examples. Finally, the available treatment methods relative to adjusting splicing activities have been summarized.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Humans; Prospective Studies; Protein Isoforms; RNA Precursors; RNA Splicing Factors
PubMed: 35327956
DOI: 10.3390/genes13030401 -
Human Genetics Mar 2020Alternative pre-mRNA splicing increases the complexity of the proteome that can be generated from the available genomic coding sequences. Dysregulation of the splicing... (Review)
Review
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing increases the complexity of the proteome that can be generated from the available genomic coding sequences. Dysregulation of the splicing process has been implicated in a vast repertoire of diseases. However, splicing has recently been linked to both the aging process itself and pro-longevity interventions. This review focuses on recent research towards defining RNA splicing as a new hallmark of aging. We highlight dysfunctional alternative splicing events that contribute to the aging phenotype across multiple species, along with recent efforts toward deciphering mechanistic roles for RNA splicing in the regulation of aging and longevity. Further, we discuss recent research demonstrating a direct requirement for specific splicing factors in pro-longevity interventions, and specifically how nutrient signaling pathways interface to splicing factor regulation and downstream splicing targets. Finally, we review the emerging potential of using splicing profiles as a predictor of biological age and life expectancy. Understanding the role of RNA splicing components and downstream targets altered in aging may provide opportunities to develop therapeutics and ultimately extend healthy lifespan in humans.
Topics: Aging; Alternative Splicing; Animals; Humans; Longevity; Phenotype; RNA Splicing Factors
PubMed: 31834493
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02094-6 -
Drug Resistance Updates : Reviews and... Dec 2020Alternative splicing is a tightly regulated process whereby non-coding sequences of pre-mRNA are removed and protein-coding segments are assembled in diverse... (Review)
Review
Alternative splicing is a tightly regulated process whereby non-coding sequences of pre-mRNA are removed and protein-coding segments are assembled in diverse combinations, ultimately giving rise to proteins with distinct or even opposing functions. In the past decade, whole genome/transcriptome sequencing studies revealed the high complexity of splicing regulation, which occurs co-transcriptionally and is influenced by chromatin status and mRNA modifications. Consequently, splicing profiles of both healthy and malignant cells display high diversity and alternative splicing was shown to be widely deregulated in multiple cancer types. In particular, mutations in pre-mRNA regulatory sequences, splicing regulators and chromatin modifiers, as well as differential expression of splicing factors are important contributors to cancer pathogenesis. It has become clear that these aberrations contribute to many facets of cancer, including oncogenic transformation, cancer progression, response to anticancer drug treatment as well as resistance to therapy. In this respect, alternative splicing was shown to perturb the expression a broad spectrum of relevant genes involved in drug uptake/metabolism (i.e. SLC29A1, dCK, FPGS, and TP), activation of nuclear receptor pathways (i.e. GR, AR), regulation of apoptosis (i.e. MCL1, BCL-X, and FAS) and modulation of response to immunotherapy (CD19). Furthermore, aberrant splicing constitutes an important source of novel cancer biomarkers and the spliceosome machinery represents an attractive target for a novel and rapidly expanding class of therapeutic agents. Small molecule inhibitors targeting SF3B1 or splice factor kinases were highly cytotoxic against a wide range of cancer models, including drug-resistant cells. Importantly, these effects are enhanced in specific cancer subsets, such as splicing factor-mutated and c-MYC-driven tumors. Furthermore, pre-clinical studies report synergistic effects of spliceosome modulators in combination with conventional antitumor agents. These strategies based on the use of low dose splicing modulators could shift the therapeutic window towards decreased toxicity in healthy tissues. Here we provide an extensive overview of the latest findings in the field of regulation of splicing in cancer, including molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells harness alternative splicing to drive oncogenesis and evade anticancer drug treatment as well as splicing-based vulnerabilities that can provide novel treatment opportunities. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges arising from genome-wide detection and prediction methods of aberrant splicing, as well as unravelling functional relevance of the plethora of cancer-related splicing alterations.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinogenesis; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Mutation; Neoplasms; RNA Splicing Factors
PubMed: 33070093
DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100728 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2019Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA allows the generation of multiple splice isoforms from a given gene, which can have distinct functions. In fact, splice isoforms can... (Review)
Review
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA allows the generation of multiple splice isoforms from a given gene, which can have distinct functions. In fact, splice isoforms can have opposing functions and there are many instances whereby a splice isoform acts as an inhibitor of canonical isoform function, thereby adding an additional layer of regulation to important processes. Angiogenesis is an important process that is governed by alternative splicing mechanisms. This review focuses on the alternative spliced isoforms of key genes that are involved in the angiogenesis process; and .
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Angiopoietins; Animals; Humans; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
PubMed: 31027366
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092067 -
Annals of Hepatology Dec 2021Alternative splicing produces complex and dynamic changes in the protein isoforms that are necessary for the proper biological functioning of the metabolic pathways... (Review)
Review
Alternative splicing produces complex and dynamic changes in the protein isoforms that are necessary for the proper biological functioning of the metabolic pathways involved in liver development and hepatocyte homeostasis. Changes in the physiological state of alternatively spliced forms are increasingly linked to liver pathologies. This may occur when the expression or function of the set of proteins controlling the alternative splicing processes are altered by external effectors such as oxidative stress and other environmental variations. Studies addressing these modifications reveal a complex interplay between the expression levels of different proteins that regulate the alternative splicing process as well as the changes in alternative splicing. This interplay results in a cascade of different protein isoforms that correlate with the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and alcoholic liver disease. However, research on the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the production of these isoforms is needed. It is imperative to identify the physiological processes affected by the differentially spliced isoforms and confirm their role on the onset and maintenance of the pathology. This is required to design potential therapeutic approaches targeting the key splicing changes to revert the pathological condition as well as identify prognostic markers. In this review, we describe the complexity of the splicing process through an example to encourage researchers to go down this path. Subsequently, rather than a catalog of splicing events we have hand-picked and discuss a few selected studies of specific liver pathologies and suggested ways to focus research on these areas.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Liver Diseases; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 34547477
DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100534 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Jan 2021AS (alternative splicing) is a fundamental process by which a gene can generate multiple distinct mRNA transcripts to increase protein diversity. Defects in AS influence... (Review)
Review
AS (alternative splicing) is a fundamental process by which a gene can generate multiple distinct mRNA transcripts to increase protein diversity. Defects in AS influence the occurrence and development of many diseases, including cancers, and are frequently found to participate in various aspects of cancer biology, such as promoting invasion, metastasis, apoptosis resistance and drug resistance. NcRNAs (noncoding RNAs) are an abundant class of RNAs that do not encode proteins. NcRNAs include miRNAs (microRNAs), lncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs), circRNAs (circular RNAs) and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs) and have been proven to act as regulatory molecules that mediate cancer processes through AS. NcRNAs can directly or indirectly influence a plethora of molecular targets to regulate cis-acting elements, trans-acting factors, or pre-mRNA transcription at multiple levels, affecting the AS process and generating alternatively spliced isoforms. Consequently, ncRNA-mediated AS outcomes affect multiple cellular signaling pathways that promote or suppress cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the current mechanisms by which ncRNAs regulate AS in cancers and discuss their potential clinical applications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Humans; Neoplasms; RNA, Untranslated
PubMed: 33407694
DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01798-2 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA Jul 2020Alternative pre-mRNA splicing generates multiple mRNA isoforms of different structures and functions from a single gene. While the prevalence of alternative splicing... (Review)
Review
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing generates multiple mRNA isoforms of different structures and functions from a single gene. While the prevalence of alternative splicing control is widely recognized, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms have long been studied, the physiological relevance and biological necessity for alternative splicing are only slowly being revealed. Significant inroads have been made in the brain, where alternative splicing regulation is particularly pervasive and conserved. Various aspects of brain development and function (from neurogenesis, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, to the homeostasis of neuronal activity) involve alternative splicing regulation. Recent studies have begun to interrogate the possible role of alternative splicing in axon formation, a neuron-exclusive morphological and functional characteristic. We discuss how alternative splicing plays an instructive role in each step of axon formation. Converging genetic, molecular, and cellular evidence from studies of multiple alternative splicing regulators in different systems shows that a biological process as complicated and unique as axon formation requires highly coordinated and specific alternative splicing events. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Animals; Axons; Humans; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 31922356
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1585