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Molecular Biology Reports Mar 2020Forensic DNA typing and subsequent molecular methods of sex determination in humans have been proven to be an imperious tool to criminal justice system. In current... (Review)
Review
Forensic DNA typing and subsequent molecular methods of sex determination in humans have been proven to be an imperious tool to criminal justice system. In current practice, most of the short tandem repeat (STR) based commercial kits contain amelogenin as the sexing marker. Amelogenin gene which contributes to the tooth enamel formation is present on both X and Y chromosome with a variation in base pair size. However, huge discrepancies have been observed with amelogenin based sex determination mostly due to X and Y deletion in the population and mutation in primer binding sites. Some ethnicities such as those in Indian population are affected badly with inappropriate sex determination by amelogenin marker due to the presence of high frequency of Y deletion in the population. Presence of PCR inhibitors, degradation in the DNA samples and presence of mixed DNA also contribute to the discrepancy in results obtained by amelogenin analysis. To overcome this problem, many alternative markers/techniques such as STS, SRY, TSPY, DXYS156, SNPs, DYZ1 and Next generation sequencing have been discussed in much detail with their respective pros and cons. In this regard, inclusion of one or more alternative markers along with amelogenin will decrease the anomalies in sex determination observed while using the amelogenin marker alone in forensic sample analysis.
Topics: Amelogenin; Female; Forensic Genetics; Genetic Markers; Humans; Male; Mutation; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; Sex Determination Analysis; Sex Determination Processes
PubMed: 31983014
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05268-y -
European Journal of Oral Sciences Dec 2011
Topics: Amelogenin; Animals; Crystallization; Dental Enamel Proteins; Humans; Mice; Nanotubes; Protein Isoforms; Transgenes
PubMed: 22243233
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00928.x -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins currently used to treat bone defects in periodontal surgery. Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of amelogenin-derived... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins currently used to treat bone defects in periodontal surgery. Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of amelogenin-derived peptides, named LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11, in bone tissue engineering. Interestingly, these peptides seem to maintain or even improve the biological activity of the full-length protein, which has received attention in the field of bone regeneration. In this article, the authors combined a systematic and a narrative review. The former is focused on the existing scientific evidence on LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11's ability to induce the production of mineralized extracellular matrix, while the latter is concentrated on the structure and function of amelogenin and amelogenin-derived peptides. Overall, the collected data suggest that LRAP and SP are able to induce stromal stem cell differentiation towards osteoblastic phenotypes; specifically, SP seems to be more reliable in bone regenerative approaches due to its osteoinduction and the absence of immunogenicity. However, even if some evidence is convincing, the limited number of studies and the scarcity of in vivo studies force us to wait for further investigations before drawing a solid final statement on the real potential of amelogenin-derived peptides in bone tissue engineering.
Topics: Amelogenin; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Biomarkers; Bone Regeneration; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Peptides; Tissue Engineering; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 34502132
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179224 -
Forensic Science International. Genetics May 2021We describe a method to assign weights to genotype combinations at the Amelogenin locus. It is a typical practise in forensic laboratories that once the weight exceeds a...
We describe a method to assign weights to genotype combinations at the Amelogenin locus. It is a typical practise in forensic laboratories that once the weight exceeds a threshold (such as 99 %), then they can be considered to be resolved enough to interpret (for example to load onto a database). We found that unless an individual is a clear major (or minor) contributor, the genotype weights do not typically exceed 99 % for any genotype. LRs have not been traditionally assigned for the Amelogenin locus and are small compared to an LR assigned for a modern day STR multiplex where, for a more discriminatory locus, the per locus LR for a resolved contributor could be in the order of tens or hundreds. The method described uses per contributor template values for a previously interpreted profile. The discrimination power is restricted, with a maximum possible LR of 2 for a fully resolved genotype, due to the limited number of alleles and hence genotypes and assuming equal proportions of genders in the population. However, it has a good power to exclude when the component is well resolved and non-concordant with a POI.
Topics: Amelogenin; Chromosomes, Human, X; Chromosomes, Human, Y; DNA Fingerprinting; Female; Forensic Genetics; Genotype; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Male; Microsatellite Repeats; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 33465757
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102462 -
Journal of Dental Research Sep 2021Biomineralization of enamel, dentin, and bone involves the deposition of apatite mineral crystals within an organic matrix. Bone and teeth are classic examples of... (Review)
Review
Biomineralization of enamel, dentin, and bone involves the deposition of apatite mineral crystals within an organic matrix. Bone and teeth are classic examples of biomaterials with unique biomechanical properties that are crucial to their function. The collagen-based apatite mineralization and the important function of noncollagenous proteins are similar in dentin and bone; however, enamel is formed in a unique amelogenin-containing protein matrix. While the structure and organic composition of enamel are different from those of dentin and bone, the principal molecular mechanisms of protein-protein interactions, protein self-assembly, and control of crystallization events by the organic matrix are common among these apatite-containing tissues. This review briefly summarizes enamel and dentin matrix components and their interactions with other extracellular matrix components and calcium ions in mediating the mineralization process. We highlight the crystallization events that are controlled by the protein matrix and their interactions in the extracellular matrix during enamel and dentin biomineralization. Strategies for peptide-inspired biomimetic growth of tooth enamel and bioinspired mineralization of collagen to stimulate repair of demineralized dentin and bone tissue engineering are also addressed.
Topics: Amelogenin; Biomineralization; Collagen; Dental Enamel; Dentin
PubMed: 34151644
DOI: 10.1177/00220345211018405 -
Journal of Dental Research Dec 2023Biomimetic strategies like peptide-guided collagen mineralization promise to enhance the effectiveness of dentin remineralization. We recently reported that rationally...
Biomimetic strategies like peptide-guided collagen mineralization promise to enhance the effectiveness of dentin remineralization. We recently reported that rationally designed amelogenin-derived peptides P26 and P32 promoted apatite nucleation, mineralized collagen, and showed potential in enamel regrowth and dentin remineralization. To facilitate the clinical application of amelogenin-derived peptides and to uncover their effectiveness in repairing dentin, we have now implemented a chitosan (CS) hydrogel for peptide delivery and have investigated the effects of P26-CS and P32-CS hydrogels on dentin remineralization using 2 in situ experimental models that exhibited different levels of demineralization. The efficacy of the peptide-CS hydrogels in dentin repair was evaluated by characterizing the microstructure, mineral density, mineral phase, and nanomechanical properties of the remineralized samples. The new strategy of atomic force microscopy PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping was used for direct visualization and nanomechanical analysis of repaired dentin lesions across the lesion depth. Results from the 2 models indicated the potential triple functions of peptide-CS hydrogels for dentin repair: building a highly organized protective mineralized layer on dentin, occluding dentinal tubules by peptide-guided in situ mineralization, and promoting biomimetic dentinal collagen remineralization. Importantly, peptides released from the CS hydrogel could diffuse into the dentinal matrix and penetrate the dentinal tubules, leading to both surface and subsurface remineralization and tubule occlusion. Given our previous findings on peptide-CS hydrogels' potential for remineralizing enamel, we see further promise for hydrogels to treat tooth defects involving multiple hard tissues, as in the case of noncarious cervical lesions.
Topics: Amelogenin; Chitosan; Collagen; Dentin; Hydrogels; Minerals; Peptides; Tooth Remineralization
PubMed: 37880947
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231198228 -
Protein and Peptide Letters 2019Amelognein protein plays a vital role in the formation and mineralization of enamel matrix. Amelogenin structure is complex in nature and researchers have studied it... (Review)
Review
Amelognein protein plays a vital role in the formation and mineralization of enamel matrix. Amelogenin structure is complex in nature and researchers have studied it with different experimental techniques. Considering its important role, there is a need to understand this important protein, which has been discussed in detail in this review. In addition, various experimental techniques to study amelogenin protein used previously have been tackled along with their advantages and disadvantages. A selection of 67 relevant articles/book chapters was included in this study. The review concluded that amelogenins act as nanospheres or spacers for the growth of enamel crystals. Various experimental techniques can be used to study amelogenins, however, their advantages and drawbacks should be kept in mind before performing analysis.
Topics: Amelogenin; Animals; Crystallization; Dental Enamel; Dynamic Light Scattering; Humans; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Microscopy, Electron; Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31364509
DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190731120018 -
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi Oct 2016There are two kinds of gene mutation, including mutation in primer-binding region of gene and micro deletion of Y chromosome encompassing gene, and the latter is more... (Review)
Review
There are two kinds of gene mutation, including mutation in primer-binding region of gene and micro deletion of Y chromosome encompassing gene, and the latter is more common. The mechanisms of mutation in primer-binding region of gene is nucleotide point mutation and the mechanism of micro deletion of Y chromosome encompassing gene maybe non-allelic homologous recombination or non-homologous end-joining. Among the population worldwide, there is a notably higher frequency of gene mutations in Indian population, Sri Lanka population and Nepalese population which reside within the Indian subcontinent. Though gene mutations have little impact on fertility and phenotype, they might cause incorrect result in gender identification. Using composite-amplification kit which including autosomal STR locus, gene locus and multiple Y-STR locus, could avoid wrong gender identification caused by gene mutation.
Topics: Alleles; Amelogenin; Asian People; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosomes, Human, Y; Humans; India; Male; Microsatellite Repeats; Nepal; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Deletion; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 29205009
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.013 -
Journal of Structural Biology Dec 2020Amelogenin, a protein critical to enamel formation, is presented as a model for understanding how the structure of biomineralization proteins orchestrate biomineral... (Review)
Review
Amelogenin, a protein critical to enamel formation, is presented as a model for understanding how the structure of biomineralization proteins orchestrate biomineral formation. Amelogenin is the predominant biomineralization protein in the early stages of enamel formation and contributes to the controlled formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) enamel crystals. The resulting enamel mineral is one of the hardest tissues in the human body and one of the hardest biominerals in nature. Structural studies have been hindered by the lack of techniques to evaluate surface adsorbed proteins and by amelogenin's disposition to self-assemble. Recent advancements in solution and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and recombinant isotope labeling strategies are now enabling detailed structural studies. These recent studies, coupled with insights from techniques such as CD and IR spectroscopy and computational methodologies, are contributing to important advancements in our structural understanding of amelogenesis. In this review we focus on recent advances in solution and solid state NMR spectroscopy and in situ AFM that reveal new insights into the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of amelogenin by itself and in contact with HAP. These studies have increased our understanding of the interface between amelogenin and HAP and how amelogenin controls enamel formation.
Topics: Amelogenin; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Biomineralization; Dental Enamel Proteins; Durapatite; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 32979496
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107630 -
Connective Tissue Research 2002This article is a short review of our recent study on controlled proteolysis of amelogenins by a series of commercially available proteinases as well as the... (Review)
Review
This article is a short review of our recent study on controlled proteolysis of amelogenins by a series of commercially available proteinases as well as the tooth-specific metalloproteinase enamelysin. A limited proteolysis approach and mass spectrometry were applied in order to determine the surface accessibility of conserved domains of amelogenin nanospheres. Furthermore, this study was aimed at exploring the factors that affect the activity of enamel proteases to process amelogenins and at providing insight into the mechanisms of amelogenin degradation during amelogenesis. We found that, under limited conditions, certain amino acid residues at both the C- and N-termini of amelogenin are accessible to proteolytic action by a series of proteinases, suggesting that these regions are exposed on the surface of amelogenin nanospheres. Recombinant enamelysin cleaved amelogenin at the C-terminal region, showing a preference of the enzyme to cleave the S/M and F/S bonds. This result of enamelysin activity on amelogenin explains the abundance of the p148 (20k) pig amelogenin during the secretory stage of amelogenesis.
Topics: Amelogenin; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Proteins; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptide Hydrolases
PubMed: 12489197
DOI: 10.1080/03008200290000835