-
British Medical Journal Nov 1972
Topics: Acidosis; Ammonium Chloride; Drug Interactions; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Middle Aged; Potassium Chloride; Spironolactone
PubMed: 5083905
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5835.298-d -
Journal of Fish Diseases Mar 2012
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Copepoda; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Life Cycle Stages; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Ponds; Quarantine
PubMed: 22324348
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01339.x -
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Sep 2020Neurolytic compounds are widely used by equine practitioners for the management of lameness, mostly related to the foot. The present study aimed to evaluate the...
Neurolytic compounds are widely used by equine practitioners for the management of lameness, mostly related to the foot. The present study aimed to evaluate the neurotoxicity of 2% ammonium chloride (2% AC) applied adjacent to the palmar digital nerves in six miniature horses. The 2% AC and 0.9% saline solution were randomly injected into three and one palmar digital nerve of each horse, respectively. Nerve samples were collected by neurectomy performed under general anesthesia at 5, 12, 19, 35, 47, and 62 days after treatment, with one horse per day of surgery. The inflammatory reaction to perineural injection was evaluated by an increase of pastern superficial skin temperature through thermography 24 hours after treatments. Histological lesions were classified as absent, mild, moderate, and severe Wallerian degeneration. An increase of 2.43 ± 0.79°C and 1.69 ± 0.55°C was observed in the 2% AC and control groups, respectively (P > .05). Moreover, histologic lesions were observed after perineural injection of 2% AC (severe, n = 5/18; moderate, n = 4/18; mild, n = 5/18; and absent, n = 4/18) and saline solution (moderate, n = 3/6; mild, n = 1/6; and absent, n = 2/6) (P = .46). The 2% AC demonstrated to be as safe as 0.9% saline solution, producing mild to severe Wallerian degeneration for up to 62 days after injection with no interference in further neurectomy.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Foot Diseases; Horse Diseases; Horses; Injections; Peripheral Nerves
PubMed: 32797793
DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103171 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Nov 2018As phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) plays an important role in the synthesis of chiral drug intermediates and detection of phenylketonuria, it is significant to...
As phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) plays an important role in the synthesis of chiral drug intermediates and detection of phenylketonuria, it is significant to obtain a PheDH with specific and high activity. Here, a PheDH gene, pdh, encoding a novel BhPheDH with 61.0% similarity to the known PheDH from Microbacterium sp., was obtained. The BhPheDH showed optimal activity at 60 °C and pH 7.0, and it showed better stability in hot environment (40-70 °C) than the PheDH from Nocardia sp. And its activity and thermostability could be significantly increased by sodium salt. After incubation for 2 h in 3 M NaCl at 60 °C, the residual activity of the BhPheDH was found to be 1.8-fold higher than that of the control group (without NaCl). The BhPheDH could tolerate high concentration of ammonium chloride and its activity could be also enhanced by the high concentration of ammonium salts. These characteristics indicate that the BhPheDH possesses better thermostability, ammonium chloride tolerance, halophilic mechanism, and high salt activation. The mechanism of thermostability and high salt tolerance of the BhPheDH was analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation. These results provide useful information about the enzyme with high-temperature activity, thermostability, halophilic mechanism, tolerance to high concentration of ammonium chloride, higher salt activation and enantio-selectivity, and the application of molecular dynamics simulation in analyzing the mechanism of these distinctive characteristics.
Topics: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; Ammonium Chloride; Bacillus; Bacterial Proteins; Enzyme Stability
PubMed: 29740797
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2767-6 -
Mitotic defects in fission yeast lipid metabolism 'cut' mutants are suppressed by ammonium chloride.FEMS Yeast Research Sep 2018Fission yeast 'cut' mutants show defects in temporal coordination of nuclear division with cytokinesis, resulting in aberrant mitosis and lethality. Among other causes,...
Fission yeast 'cut' mutants show defects in temporal coordination of nuclear division with cytokinesis, resulting in aberrant mitosis and lethality. Among other causes, the 'cut' phenotype can be triggered by genetic or chemical perturbation of lipid metabolism, supposedly resulting in shortage of membrane phospholipids and insufficient nuclear envelope expansion during anaphase. Interestingly, penetrance of the 'cut' phenotype in mutants of the transcription factor cbf11 and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase cut6, both related to lipid metabolism, is highly dependent on growth media, although the specific nutrient(s) affecting 'cut' occurrence is not known. In this study, we set out to identify the growth media component(s) responsible for 'cut' phenotype suppression in Δcbf11 and cut6-621 cells. We show that mitotic defects occur rapidly in Δcbf11 cells upon shift from the minimal EMM medium ('cut' suppressing) to the complex YES medium ('cut' promoting). By growing cells in YES medium supplemented with individual EMM components, we identified ammonium chloride, an efficiently utilized nitrogen source, as a specific and potent suppressor of the 'cut' phenotype in both Δcbf11 and cut6-621. Furthermore, we found that ammonium chloride boosts lipid droplet formation in wild-type cells. Our findings suggest a possible involvement of nutrient-responsive signaling in 'cut' suppression.
Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Ammonium Chloride; Culture Media; Lipid Droplets; Lipid Metabolism; Mitosis; Mutation; Penetrance; Phenotype; Schizosaccharomyces; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 29931271
DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy064 -
International Journal of Biological... Aug 2020Flocculant made from natural polymers has the advantages of abundant source, affordable cost and environmental friendliness. In this work, a binary flocculant (sodium...
Flocculant made from natural polymers has the advantages of abundant source, affordable cost and environmental friendliness. In this work, a binary flocculant (sodium alginate-dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, SAD) was successfully prepared using microwave assisted free radical copolymerization technique. Based on the flocculation properties of yellow 7GL dye, the synthetic process was optimized with the amount of initiator was 0.8 wt% (equal molar ratio of ammonium peroxydisulfate and sodium bisulfite as complex initiator), sodium alginate: dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride = 1:1 (molar ratio), and the microwave irradiation time was 18 min at the power of 280 W. The experimental results show that the color removal ratio was 73.5% at the SAD dosage of 425 mg/L for the 100 mg/L yellow 7GL simulated wastewater. The SAD also maintained excellent decolorization ratios under a wide range of flocculant dosage and environmental pH. The flocculation mechanism might be the combination of charge neutralization and bridging effect. The prepared SAD flocculant has the virtues of simple synthesis process, ecofriendliness and high decolorization ratio, which make it broad application prospect in the treatment of dye wastewater.
Topics: Adsorption; Alginates; Ammonium Chloride; Chemical Phenomena; Coloring Agents; Flocculation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Microwaves; Polymerization; Polymers; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Water Purification
PubMed: 32305372
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.054 -
Chemosphere Jul 2017A large amount of chloride and ammonium ions were produced and released from industrial processes with non-biodegradable organic pollutants to affect efficiencies of...
A large amount of chloride and ammonium ions were produced and released from industrial processes with non-biodegradable organic pollutants to affect efficiencies of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Here, the influences of chloride and ammonium ions on Co/peroxymonosulfate (Co/PMS) reaction system, a widely used AOPs to produce sulfate radicals, were investigated by examining the degradation efficiency of an azo dye (Acid Orange 7, AO7). The experimental results showed that a significant decrease in the degradation rate of AO7 was observed in the presence of NH, while a dual effect of chloride on AO7 bleaching appeared. The presence of NHCl was unfavorable for AO7 degradation at low concentration (<20 mM), whereas further addition of NHCl (>20 mM) apparently accelerated AO7 discoloration rate. The apparent effects of the two co-existing inorganic ions were determined by roles of the dominating ions at varied molar ratio of [NH]/[Cl]. The present study may have technical implications for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing diverse ions in practice.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Azo Compounds; Benzenesulfonates; Coloring Agents; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Ions; Kinetics; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxides; Sulfates; Wastewater; Water Purification
PubMed: 28376396
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.110 -
The Journal of Pathology and... Jul 1946
Topics: Acidosis; Ammonium Chloride; Humans
PubMed: 20283088
DOI: 10.1002/path.1700580322 -
Virus Research Aug 1989The multiplication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in Vero cells is inhibited by ammonium chloride. The formation of infectious virus was inhibited immediately...
The multiplication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in Vero cells is inhibited by ammonium chloride. The formation of infectious virus was inhibited immediately after the addition of the agent into the culture fluid and was restored by removal of the agent. Although neither viral DNA replication nor nucleocapsid formation were affected by the addition of ammonium chloride at 4 h postinfection, the agent markedly inhibited the formation of enveloped particles and completely the formation of infectious progeny virus. These results indicate that one of the effects of ammonium chloride on the multiplication of HSV-1 is the inhibition of envelopment of viral nucleocapsids. In addition, the envelopment of HSV-1 nucleocapsids was inhibited immediately after the addition of monensin into the culture fluid. These findings suggest the importance of acidic pH of an intracellular compartment in the envelopment of HSV-1.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Capsid; DNA Replication; Simplexvirus; Vero Cells; Virus Replication
PubMed: 2554609
DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(89)90073-7 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jun 1981We determined the effects of acidification of urinary pH on cigarette smoking behavior to assess the postulated relationships between stress, urinary pH, and cigarette...
We determined the effects of acidification of urinary pH on cigarette smoking behavior to assess the postulated relationships between stress, urinary pH, and cigarette smoking. Urine was acidified by short-term administration of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg ammonium chloride and long-term administration of 50 mg/kg ammonium chloride. Measurements of cigarette smoking behavior included the number of cigarettes smoked as well as automated measures of puff frequency and duration. Short- and long-term administration of ammonium chloride induced decreases in urinary pH but failed to induce any substantial changes in number of cigarettes smoked, puff frequency, or puff duration.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Nicotine; Smoking; Urine
PubMed: 7226708
DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1981.108