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Chemosphere Dec 2022Antimicrobial resistance raises serious medical implications and is primarily caused by indiscriminate usage and environmental contamination with antimicrobial agents....
Antimicrobial resistance raises serious medical implications and is primarily caused by indiscriminate usage and environmental contamination with antimicrobial agents. To prevent microbes from developing resistance against antimicrobial agents, they must be effectively degraded. This is the first study that investigates the degradation of Amphotericin B(AmB) with simultaneous wastewater treatment in a Microbial Peroxide producing cell (MPPC). Two sets of MPPCs (A and B) were used to degrade AmB oxidatively, one with HO and the other with the microbial electro Fenton process in a catholyte containing 0.1% AmB. MPPC A and B had voltage outputs of 0.356 ± 3 V and 0.411 ± 2 V, producing 26 ± 0.04 mM and 44 ± 0.8 mM of HO respectively. The structural changes of treated samples were analyzed using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, which revealed the disappearance of major characteristic bands such as the NH band (1556 cm), the CH band Polyene ring (3358 cm), and others, implying the disruption of multiple double bonds in polyene, resulting in the structure's lactone ring breakdown. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight revealed the changes in retention time and peak area of treated samples in comparison to native AmB which also confirmed its structural changes. Such structural disruption induced the drug to lose its antifungal action since no zones of inhibition were detected in an antimicrobial susceptibility test against Candida albicans. The degradation of 57.05% and 69.83% of AmB by HO and the Fenton process was also correlated with a reduction in COD. Simultaneously the anodic wastewater treatment in both the MPPCs had COD removal efficiency of 78% and 82% and the BOD removal efficiency was 75.38% and 90% respectively. The MPPC system's process conditions and reactor design could be optimized further to enhance antimicrobial degradation and wastewater treatment. This research offers a sustainable and efficient method for expediting antimicrobial degradation while simultaneously treating wastewater.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Wastewater; Antifungal Agents; Hydrogen Peroxide; Polyenes
PubMed: 36209861
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136726 -
Therapie 2006Three lipid formulations of amphotericin B have been developed: amphotericin B colloidal dispersion, amphotericin B lipid complex, and liposomal amphotericin B. These... (Review)
Review
Three lipid formulations of amphotericin B have been developed: amphotericin B colloidal dispersion, amphotericin B lipid complex, and liposomal amphotericin B. These three compounds differ by their lipid composition and therefore by their physical characteristics, their pharmacokinetics, and their safety and efficacy profile. There is a consensus to accept reduced toxicity of these formulations, especially reduced, but not absence of, renal toxicity as compared to amphotericin B deoxycholate. Few well-designed studies have been conducted and none of them demonstrated convincingly superiority in term of efficacy of any of the lipid preparations over amphotericin B deoxycholate. Recently a double blind randomized study compared a standard dose of 3 mg/kg/d of liposomal amphotericin B and a loading dose (10 mg/kg/d for 14 days and then the standard dose) in primary therapy of invasive filamentous fungal infections, mainly aspergillosis. Response rate at end of randomized therapy as well as survival at 12 weeks was numerically superior in the standard dose arm but this difference was not statistically significant. Lack of benefit of high dose liposomal amphotericin B in aspergillosis cannot yet be extrapolated to other filamentous fungal infections. Nephrotoxicity was substantially higher in the loading dose arm and this contraindicates its use in clinical practice.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Colloids; Excipients; Humans; Lipids; Mycoses
PubMed: 16989124
DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2006047 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Sep 1998Commercially available lipid formulations of amphotericin B (Abelcet, Amphotec, and AmBisome) represent a significant advance in drug delivery technology. Differences in... (Review)
Review
Commercially available lipid formulations of amphotericin B (Abelcet, Amphotec, and AmBisome) represent a significant advance in drug delivery technology. Differences in biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties among the lipid products have been shown in in vitro and in vivo models. Clinical experience with these products has been primarily in patients either refractory to or intolerant of conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd). None of the lipid-based products demonstrates superior efficacy when prospectively compared with AmBd in the treatment of documented infections. When used for the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia, AmBisome significantly reduced the incidence of proven emergent fungal infections but did not improve short-term survival rates, in comparison with AmBd. Acute infusion-related adverse events vary, whereas nephrotoxicity is reduced with all three lipid formulations. Until superior efficacy is clearly shown (for documented infections) or pharmacoeconomic analyses document the value of these drugs, use of such expensive agents should be highly restricted to those who are intolerant of or refractory to AmBd.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Costs and Cost Analysis; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Liposomes
PubMed: 9770163
DOI: 10.1086/514704 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Mar 2012Amphotericin B in its lipid formulation continues to be the reference drug in the treatment of systemic fungal infections despite the time elapse since the development... (Review)
Review
Amphotericin B in its lipid formulation continues to be the reference drug in the treatment of systemic fungal infections despite the time elapse since the development of this compound. The absence of fungal resistance, pharmacokinetics, and the better tolerability profile as compared with the remaining formulations of amphotericin B are sufficient reasons to justify its prominent therapeutic role. The liposome containing liposomal amphotericin B is very stable in relation to the presence of cholesterol and phospholipids are not thermolabile, so that free amphotericin B is almost inexistent (<1%), which explains the reduced incidence of effects related to the drug administration, and a reduction in the incidence of nephrotoxicity (half than that with amphotericin B lipid complex) and that even in some studies at doses of 1 mg/kg has been shown to be negligible. This profile explains the very high plasma drug concentrations and the reduced distribution volume and clearance, with a very prolonged elimination half-life. There are evidences showing that the liposome through amphotericin B is capable of binding to ergosterol present in the fungal membrane and only at this moment would be the antifungal released to exert its pharmacological effects.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Stability; Humans; Mycoses; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 22488537
DOI: No ID Found -
Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1988Amphotericin B therapy is hampered by numerous adverse effects but remains the treatment of choice for disseminated fungal infections. A new form of amphotericin B... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Review
Amphotericin B therapy is hampered by numerous adverse effects but remains the treatment of choice for disseminated fungal infections. A new form of amphotericin B delivery, which utilizes liposome vesicles, is currently under investigation. Preliminary evidence suggests that liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B has a wider therapeutic index than free amphotericin B and allows for the use of larger total doses. The mechanism of reduced toxicity and enhanced activity may be associated with a liposome donor effect, an erythrocyte protective effect, and a liposome-targeting ability. Liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B tends to be entrapped or taken up by organs rich in reticuloendothelial cells--a particular advantage since disseminated fungal infections localize in these areas. This liposome-encapsulated preparation appears to represent a promising new form of antifungal therapy that may reduce the dose-limiting toxicities of amphotericin B and improve treatment response.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Liposomes; Mycoses; Opportunistic Infections
PubMed: 3060940
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/10.6.1097 -
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and... Aug 1999Over the past 15 years, factors suh as corticosteroid treatment, cytotoxic chemotherapy, excessive use of broad spectrum antibiotics and HIV have led to an increased... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Over the past 15 years, factors suh as corticosteroid treatment, cytotoxic chemotherapy, excessive use of broad spectrum antibiotics and HIV have led to an increased risk of serious fungal infections in both adults and pediatric patients. This increase in invasive fungal infections poses increasing difficulty in their treatment. Three new lipid formulations of amphotericin B are now available in the U.S.: amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet), amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (Amphotec), and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). These newer formulations are substantially more expensive, but allow patients to receive higher doses for longer periods of time with decreased renal toxicity than conventional amphotericin B. The properties of these new agents are summarized in this review. Discussion of current national guidelines as well as those used at our institution are presented to provide guidance for the development of institution specific guidelines for the most cost-effective drug for most patients, some may benefit more from one of the newer lipid formulations.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Humans; Lipids; Liposomes; Mycoses
PubMed: 10475983
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.1999.00220.x -
Mycoses 1988
Review
Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Flucytosine; Humans; Kidney; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 3067090
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Medicine Dec 1994
Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Coccidioidomycosis; Humans; Male
PubMed: 7985716
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90353-0 -
Biomaterials, Artificial Cells, and... 1993Liposomes represent for amphotericin B (AmB) a promising delivery system that may reduce the important toxicity of the drug. Liposomal AmB has a higher therapeutic index... (Review)
Review
Liposomes represent for amphotericin B (AmB) a promising delivery system that may reduce the important toxicity of the drug. Liposomal AmB has a higher therapeutic index than AmB alone and allows to use larger doses. The mechanism of reduced toxicity may be related to a better targeting ability, a protective effect, and a selective transfer of liposomes. Anyway the liposomes intercalated AmB tends to be uptaken by organs that belong to the reticuloendothelial system, where fungi, the target cells, are localized.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Drug Carriers; Humans; Liposomes
PubMed: 8399981
DOI: 10.3109/10731199309117379 -
Neonatal Network : NN Apr 1992
Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Humans; Infant, Newborn
PubMed: 1574050
DOI: No ID Found