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Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 2022Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a relatively uncommon tumor in the dog and comprises approximately 17% of perianal malignancies; however, it is one of... (Review)
Review
Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a relatively uncommon tumor in the dog and comprises approximately 17% of perianal malignancies; however, it is one of the most common causes of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Clinical signs in affected dogs most commonly are associated with mechanical obstruction caused by the primary tumor or enlarged regional metastatic lymph nodes and the effects of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia when present. Surgical excision of the primary tumor and metastasectomy of affected locoregional lymph nodes is the preferred initial treatment option for most dogs, although radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are commonly incorporated into multi-modality treatment plans. A significant role for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy has not been clearly demonstrated. Prolonged survival times are possible, especially for dogs with smaller primary tumors and for dogs that undergo further treatments for recurrent disease. In this article, we review the clinical signs, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of AGASAC in the dog.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anal Gland Neoplasms; Anal Sacs; Animals; Apocrine Glands; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Hypercalcemia
PubMed: 35792243
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100682 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Mar 2020There is no widely accepted standard medical treatment for apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) in dogs. Targeted agents such as toceranib may be effective...
BACKGROUND
There is no widely accepted standard medical treatment for apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) in dogs. Targeted agents such as toceranib may be effective in treatment of AGASACA, but the number of clinical reports investigating its efficacy is limited.
HYPOTHESIS/AIM
To evaluate the efficacy of toceranib treatment of AGASACA in dogs, and to assess prognostic factors in the study population. Our hypothesis was that toceranib would provide a clinical benefit in the treatment of dogs with AGASACA.
ANIMALS
Thirty-six client-owned dogs with either a cytologic or histologic diagnosis of AGASACA that were treated with toceranib alone or in combination with surgery, nonconcurrent chemotherapy or both.
METHODS
Retrospective study.
RESULT
The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival time (OST) for the study population was 313 days and 827 days, respectively. A clinical benefit from toceranib treatment was observed in 69% of dogs, with 20.7% of dogs experiencing partial response and 48.3% of dogs experiencing stable disease. Dogs that responded to toceranib treatment had significantly prolonged PFS and OST. Hypercalcemia was a negative prognostic factor for clinical outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
Toceranib is effective in the treatment of AGASACA in dogs. Prospective, controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of toceranib in comparison to other treatment protocols for dogs with AGASACA.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anal Gland Neoplasms; Anal Sacs; Animals; Apocrine Glands; Disease-Free Survival; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Indoles; Male; Pyrroles; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Wisconsin
PubMed: 31977135
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15706 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2007Reports of canine anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC) describe varied clinical presentations and management and differing responses to therapy. A unifying approach to... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Reports of canine anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC) describe varied clinical presentations and management and differing responses to therapy. A unifying approach to clinical stage determination and management of this disease has yet to be presented.
HYPOTHESIS
An ordinal clinical staging scheme for canine ASGC can be devised on the basis of responses to therapy for a retrospective cohort of affected dogs.
ANIMALS
130 dogs with naturally occurring ASGC.
METHODS
A simplified clinical stage system and a management algorithm for canine ASGC were derived from retrospective evaluation of a cohort of 80 dogs; applicability of both was then prospectively evaluated in a cohort of 50 dogs.
RESULTS
Retrospective evaluation revealed 4 statistically significant negative prognostic indicators for survival: lack of therapy, presence of distant metastases, presence of lymph node metastases, and primary tumor size. Lymph node extirpation was a statistically significant positive prognostic indicator by bivariate analysis. In both retrospective and prospective analyses, the modified clinical stage scheme revealed a significant association with survival time.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
The clinical staging scheme permits differentiation between groups in terms of prognosis and, therefore, decisions on therapy. This will facilitate application of appropriate therapy and enhanced communication and collaboration in further investigations of ASGC.
Topics: Algorithms; Anal Sacs; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Male; Neoplasms; Radiotherapy; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate
PubMed: 17427388
DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[274:cstapi]2.0.co;2 -
The Journal of Small Animal Practice Apr 2017To report the signalment, clinical presentation, treatments pursued and outcomes of dogs with malignant anal sac melanoma. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To report the signalment, clinical presentation, treatments pursued and outcomes of dogs with malignant anal sac melanoma.
METHODS
Medical records from five institutions from January 2000 through December 2015 were reviewed and dogs with cytologically- or histologically-confirmed malignant anal sac melanoma were identified. Signalment, clinical signs, staging, cytology, histopathologic analysis, surgical and non-surgical treatments were extracted from the medical records. The referring veterinarians and owners were contacted for follow-up data.
RESULTS
Eleven dogs were included and survival data was available for all. The most common clinical signs were bloody anal sac discharge and perianal licking. Initial treatments pursued included surgery (n=8), chemotherapy (n=1), and palliative treatment with pain medications and stool softeners (n=2). In an adjuvant setting, melanoma vaccine was pursued following surgery in three dogs and chemotherapy in one dog. Regardless of treatment, progression-free survival (mean 92 · 5 days) and overall survival times (median 107 days) were short.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Dogs in this case series had a guarded to poor prognosis regardless of treatment. Ten of 11 dogs were euthanased due to local or distant disease progression. Only 1 of 11 dogs was alive one year after diagnosis. An understanding of tumour behaviour in this location could lead to improved survival times with earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Anal Gland Neoplasms; Anal Sacs; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Male
PubMed: 28276118
DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12637 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2022Advancements within the field of veterinary surgical oncology are constantly presenting themselves, especially with continued development of comprehensive cancer... (Review)
Review
Advancements within the field of veterinary surgical oncology are constantly presenting themselves, especially with continued development of comprehensive cancer programs. With the use of more advanced imaging techniques within veterinary medicine, tumor staging is improving and techniques novel to veterinary medicine are being evaluated for potential clinical application. Recommended tumor staging and treatment approach for apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs has evolved, with the anticipation of good long-term patient outcomes. Preoperative staging for mast cell tumors and recommendations for surgical margins to obtain for wide surgical excision is being reassessed by surgeons.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anal Gland Neoplasms; Anal Sacs; Animals; Apocrine Glands; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Mast Cells; Retrospective Studies; Surgical Oncology
PubMed: 35082090
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.12.008 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Sep 2023An 11-year-old castrated mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with a unilateral anal sac mass. Anal sacculectomy was performed without complication. Histopathology of the mass...
An 11-year-old castrated mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with a unilateral anal sac mass. Anal sacculectomy was performed without complication. Histopathology of the mass was consistent with a well-differentiated mast cell tumor. Analyses for the Ki-67 protein, KIT expression pattern, and the presence of mutations were done. Recovery from surgery was unremarkable and repeat staging revealed no evidence of mast cell disease at 4, 8, and 12 mo after surgery. To the authors' knowledge, primary mast cell neoplasia of the anal sac has not previously been reported in the veterinary literature. Key clinical message: Although mast cell tumors of the perineal region are commonly encountered in veterinary practice, the anal sac represents a novel location for this disease. Cytology of anal sac masses can be a useful diagnostic tool to confirm the diagnosis, guide staging, and assist in treatment decisions.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Anal Sacs; Mast Cells; Perineum; Neoplasms; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37663027
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Small Animal Practice Jan 2022To describe the CT appearance of anal sac adenocarcinoma lesions in a population of dogs including the relations between primary tumour, and locoregional and distant...
OBJECTIVES
To describe the CT appearance of anal sac adenocarcinoma lesions in a population of dogs including the relations between primary tumour, and locoregional and distant metastasis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Retrospective review of dogs with confirmed anal sac adenocarcinoma and available CT images of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis.
RESULTS
A population of 70 dogs were included in the study. No association was found between anal sac mass size and presence or absence of iliosacral lymph node enlargement. The prevalence of local metastatic disease characterised by iliosacral lymphadenomegaly in this study was 71%, with pulmonary metastases identified in 11% of cases. There were no cases of distant pulmonary metastasis without concurrent locoregional lymphadenomegaly.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
In our population of dogs local metastatic spread of anal sac adenocarcinoma was common, with a relatively low prevalence of pulmonary metastasis. The study demonstrates the importance of thorough rectal examination and/or imaging to assess the iliosacral lymph centre in this disease irrespective of the size of the anal sac mass.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anal Gland Neoplasms; Anal Sacs; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Neoplasm Staging; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34608641
DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13426 -
Compendium (Yardley, PA) Oct 2008Removal of the anal sacs is a frequently performed surgery in dogs. It is most often indicated for definitive treatment of chronic anal sacculitis. The anal sacs are... (Review)
Review
Removal of the anal sacs is a frequently performed surgery in dogs. It is most often indicated for definitive treatment of chronic anal sacculitis. The anal sacs are intimately associated with the external anal sphincter; therefore, fecal incontinence resulting from damage to this muscle or its innervation is a potential complication of anal sacculectomy. Fistula formation and incisional infection are other possible complications. In general, the overall incidence of complications after anal sacculectomy is low.
Topics: Anal Sacs; Animals; Anus Diseases; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Fecal Incontinence; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 19003775
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary and Comparative Oncology Jun 2022The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has gained significant importance in veterinary cancer patients over the last decade. Toceranib phosphate has been licensed... (Review)
Review
The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has gained significant importance in veterinary cancer patients over the last decade. Toceranib phosphate has been licensed for the treatment of dogs with mast cell tumours. Its molecular similarity to sunitinib, a TKI used in human medicine, has led many veterinary oncologists to use this agent for multiple neoplastic diseases. The aim of the current study was to perform a systematic review of the evidence for the use of toceranib in dogs with non-mast cell neoplasia. Two electronic databases were searched. Publications were included if toceranib was used as a treatment option in canine patients. Studies and case reports were excluded if toceranib was used as part of a multi-modal treatment plan and response or outcome data related to toceranib therapy were not described. A total of 28 studies were included from 122 references. The most common types of neoplasias identified were neuroendocrine tumours, anal gland sac adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma. Multiple other neoplasias had one or two studies identified to describe the use of toceranib. Results of the study support that toceranib phosphate may have efficacy against certain types of neoplasia under certain conditions, such as neuroendocrine tumours, gastrointestinal stromal tumours and anal sac adenocarcinomas, while it is probably not effective for the management of metastatic osteosarcoma based on the findings of the review.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Indoles; Osteosarcoma; Pyrroles
PubMed: 34981886
DOI: 10.1111/vco.12799 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021Limited data are available on canine and feline non-neoplastic anal sac disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain observational data on the incidence,...
Limited data are available on canine and feline non-neoplastic anal sac disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain observational data on the incidence, predisposing factors, diagnosis, treatment, and recurrence rate of canine and feline anal sac disease. To this end, a questionnaire was distributed among veterinarians. The incidence of non-neoplastic anal sac disease was estimated at 15.7% in dogs and 0.4% in cats. Predisposing factors were diarrhea, skin problems, several dog breeds, and particularly small breed dogs, male cats, British shorthairs, and obesity in dogs. Diagnosis was made based on the presence of clinical signs and characteristics of the anal sac content. Manual expression and treating any potential underlying disease were the most important treatments for all three types of non-neoplastic anal sac disease. Anal sacculectomy was performed in refractory cases. The most recurrent anal sac disease condition was impaction. Diagnosis of anal sac disease should be based on clinical signs and rectal examination, as the evaluation of the anal sac content is not reliable. Surgical outcomes of anal sacculectomy can be improved when surgery is performed after medical management. Future studies should investigate these findings in prospective trials.
PubMed: 35011201
DOI: 10.3390/ani12010095