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Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Apr 2022
Topics: Anatomy; Head; Humans; Neck
PubMed: 35294607
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-02926-7 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) May 2019A rule of human anatomy is that all structures within the body should be described relative to the so-called "anatomical position." Along with those describing... (Review)
Review
A rule of human anatomy is that all structures within the body should be described relative to the so-called "anatomical position." Along with those describing structures such as the skull and liver, those accounting for the components of the heart consistently break this rule, describing the organ as if removed from the body and positioned on its apex, the so-called "Valentine position." Although potentially appropriate to some animal species, this approach produces problems when used in human anatomy, even if the right and left ventricles are only viewed in truly right-sided and left-sided positions when assessed in the Valentine fashion. The names of the ventricles, of course, are never going to change. This is not necessarily the case with other cardiac components. Consider the artery that extends between the ventricles on their diaphragmatic surface. Blockage produces inferior myocardial infarction, which is to be expected, since the vessel is located in inferior and interventricular position. It is incorrect to describe the artery as being posterior and descending. Such infelicities are now the more obvious with the advent of techniques that, in clinical cardiology, show the components of the heart as it lies within the chest. In this review, we have assessed the frequency of use of the Valentine approach in popular textbooks used by students of human anatomy. We show that, using the conduction tissues as a model, this system also being incorrectly described in the majority of the textbooks, the situation can be improved by use of attitudinally appropriate description. Clin. Anat. 32:585-596, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Anatomy; Heart; Humans
PubMed: 30786071
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23356 -
Clinical Rheumatology Jul 2015
Topics: Anatomy; Curriculum; Education, Medical; Humans; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Musculoskeletal System; Physicians; Rheumatology
PubMed: 25912214
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2944-8 -
Acta Chirurgica Belgica Aug 2019Galen of Pergamum (129-216/217 AD), an important Greek physician, influenced the history of medicine for more than 1400 years. However, Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564),...
Galen of Pergamum (129-216/217 AD), an important Greek physician, influenced the history of medicine for more than 1400 years. However, Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), after performing dissections of human cadavers, remarked that Galen made several mistakes due to the fact that his dissections were on animals, particularly on apes. The current study summarizes the main points in which Vesalius criticized Galen in terms of the musculoskeletal anatomy.
Topics: Anatomy; Belgium; Greece; History, 16th Century; History, Ancient; Musculoskeletal System
PubMed: 30596470
DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2018.1554365 -
Journal of Graduate Medical Education Sep 2015
Topics: Anatomy; Humans; Internship and Residency; Neck; Students, Medical; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 26457167
DOI: 10.4300/JGME-D-15-00146.1 -
Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica Oct 1998In anatomy today, construction of the body is devoid of the water element, and the framework of the discipline is sectionalized (segmented, specialized, and divided), so... (Review)
Review
In anatomy today, construction of the body is devoid of the water element, and the framework of the discipline is sectionalized (segmented, specialized, and divided), so that the body is not described in an integrated, harmonious manner. In this paper, the present authors selected the body, body water, and skin as objects of contemplation and deliberated on the history, significance, and resuscitation of anatomy. (1) Living things are dependent on water, and water is a vital component of the body. Therefore, greater consideration should be given to the presence of body water in morphological description of the body. (2) Since anatomy is sectionalized, understanding of the body is dwarfed and distorted. Whole anatomy, which described the body as a whole is the ideal style. (3) The body as a whole should always be placed in the center of anatomy. This should be the ultimate form of teaching anatomy.
Topics: Anatomy; Animals; Body Composition; Body Water; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; History, Modern 1601-; Humans; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Teaching
PubMed: 9871401
DOI: 10.2535/ofaj1936.75.4_173 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Trigeminal Ganglion; Gestures; Teaching; Anatomy
PubMed: 36513553
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.11.137 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2009The essence of anatomic description is to account for structures as they lie within the body as viewed in the so-called anatomic position. This important basic principle... (Review)
Review
The essence of anatomic description is to account for structures as they lie within the body as viewed in the so-called anatomic position. This important basic principle of gross anatomy has been ignored for years by those describing the relationships of structures within the heart, these cardiac components usually being described in the setting of the heart removed from the body, and positioned on its apex. With the increasing use in clinical practice of tomographic techniques for diagnosis, in which the heart is viewed as it lies within the body, this conventional approach to description of cardiac structures becomes increasingly confusing. Thus, when the heart is viewed in attitudinally appropriate fashion, with the apex pointing to the left, and with the so-called right heart chambers positioned anteriorly relative to the so-called left counterparts, the current adjectives used for description are found to be wanting. For example, with the heart in the position it occupies during life, the so-called posterior descending coronary artery is seen to be positioned inferiorly relative to the ventricular mass. It is more correct to describe this artery as being inferior and interventricular. Such a change has major clinical significance, since blockage of the artery produces inferior myocardial infarction, the leads used for electrocardiographic recording being placed so as to respect the anatomic position. Another example of the deficiencies of the "Valentine" approach to cardiac description is seen when the mitral valve is viewed in attitudinally appropriate fashion. The papillary muscles supporting the tendinous cords are seen to be located inferiorly and adjacent to the ventricular septum, and superiorly and located on the posterior left ventricular wall when viewed in this fashion. Currently, however, the inferoseptal muscle is described as being posteromedial. Those performing electrophysiological studies of the heart have already appreciated the problems created by assessing the heart in "Valentine" fashion, since when described in this way, a catheter passing upwards through the inferior caval vein is said to progress in an anterior fashion. A committee has recommended use of attitudinally appropriate terminology to avoid these problems. We suggest that those teaching cardiac anatomy in medical schools should also insist on the use of attitudinally appropriate nomenclature when describing the heart, as is currently the case for all other structures in the body.
Topics: Anatomy; Cardiology; Heart; Humans; Models, Anatomic; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 19097120
DOI: 10.1002/ca.20741 -
Journal of Dental Education Dec 2023
Topics: Curriculum; Tooth; Anatomy
PubMed: 37319402
DOI: 10.1002/jdd.13298 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) May 2015
Topics: Anatomy; Delphi Technique; Head; Neck
PubMed: 25871896
DOI: 10.1002/ca.22552