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Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes : additional obstacles in the battle against malaria.Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Nov 2016Mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are malaria vectors in tropical areas and were of course designated as primary targets by programs for malaria control. Repellent... (Review)
Review
Mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are malaria vectors in tropical areas and were of course designated as primary targets by programs for malaria control. Repellent sprays, indoor use of insecticides, and massive delivery of mosquito nets are standard examples of the means widely used to combat malaria. This synthetic review supplies an overview of all of the modes of resistance developed by Anopheles mosquitoes against these human actions. The misuse of each available tool has gradually led to a decrease in its global effectiveness. Newly-emerging forms of resistance, due to modification or overexpression of molecular targets, as well as behavioral adaptations by mosquitoes, are some examples of the consequences. To enable a categorical reduction in malaria incidence, a thorough adjustment of the use of the various means of control should be envisioned.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Humans; Insect Control; Insecticide Resistance; Malaria
PubMed: 28073732
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2016.0634 -
Parasites & Vectors Nov 2023Adult mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are important vectors of Plasmodium parasites, causative agents of malaria. The aim of this review was to synthesize the overall... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Adult mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are important vectors of Plasmodium parasites, causative agents of malaria. The aim of this review was to synthesize the overall and species-specific proportion of Anopheles species infected with sporozoites and their geographical distribution in the last 2 decades (2001-2021).
METHODS
A comprehensive search was conducted using databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, African Journals OnLine) and manual Google search between January 1 and February 15, 2022. Original articles describing work conducted in Ethiopia, published in English and reporting infection status, were included in the review. All the required data were extracted using a standardized data extraction form, imported to SPSS-24, and analyzed accordingly. The quality of each original study was assessed using a quality assessment tool adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. This study was registered on PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; registration no. CRD42022299078).
RESULTS
A search for published articles produced a total of 3086 articles, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Data on mosquito surveillance revealed that a total of 129,410 anophelines comprising 25 species were captured, of which 48,365 comprising 21 species were tested for sporozoites. Anopheles arabiensis was the dominant species followed by An. pharoensis and An. coustani complex. The overall proportion infected with sporozoites over 21 years was 0.87%. Individual proportions included Anopheles arabiensis (1.09), An. pharoensis (0.79), An. coustani complex (0.13), An. funestus (2.71), An. demeilloni (0.31), An. stephensi (0.70), and An. cinereus (0.73). Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites accounted 79.2% of Plasmodium species. Mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum was only reported from one An. arabiensis sample.
CONCLUSIONS
Anopheles arebiensis was the dominant malaria vector over the years, with the highest sporozoite infection proportion of 2.85% and an average of 0.90% over the years. Other species contributing to malaria transmission in the area were An. pharoensis, An. coustani complex, An. funestus, An. stephensi, and An. coustani. The emergence of new vector species, in particular An. stephensi, is particularly concerning and should be investigated further.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Malaria; Sporozoites; Ethiopia; Mosquito Vectors; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Malaria, Falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium
PubMed: 38008761
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06054-y -
Current Opinion in Insect Science Dec 2018Anopheles is the only genus of mosquitoes that transmit human malaria and consequently the focus of large scale genome and transcriptome-wide association studies.... (Review)
Review
Anopheles is the only genus of mosquitoes that transmit human malaria and consequently the focus of large scale genome and transcriptome-wide association studies. Genetic tools to define the function of the candidate genes arising from these analyses are vital. Moreover, genome editing offers the potential to modify Anopheles population structure at local and global scale to provide complementary tools towards the ultimate goal of malaria elimination. Major breakthroughs in Anopheles genetic analysis came with the development of germline transformation and RNA interference technology. Yet, the field has been revolutionised again by precise genome editing now possible through site-specific nucleases. Here we review the components of the current genetic toolkit available to study Anopheles, focusing particularly on how these technical advances are used to gain insight into malaria transmission and the design of genetic methods to control Anopheles vectors.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Genome, Insect; Genomics; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 30553490
DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.014 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi have challenged human health by transmitting several infectious disease agents, such as malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever....
Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi have challenged human health by transmitting several infectious disease agents, such as malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever. Larvicides, especially in endemic regions, is an effective approach to the control of mosquito-borne diseases. In this study, the composition of three essential oil from the Artemisia L. family was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Afterward, nanoliposomes containing essential oils of A. annua, A. dracunculus, and A. sieberi with particle sizes of 137 ± 5, 151 ± 6, and 92 ± 5 nm were prepared. Besides, their zeta potential values were obtained at 32 ± 0.5, 32 ± 0.6, and 43 ± 1.7 mV. ATR-FTIR analysis (Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed) confirmed the successful loading of the essential oils. Moreover, The LC values of nanoliposomes against Ae. aegypti larvae were 34, 151, and 197 µg/mL. These values for An.stephensi were obtained as 23 and 90, and 140 µg/mL, respectively. The results revealed that nanoliposomes containing A. dracunculus exerted the highest potential larvicidal effect against Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi, which can be considered against other mosquitoes.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Aedes; Anopheles; Artemisia; Oils, Volatile; Culex; Larva; Insecticides; Plant Leaves; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 37420038
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38284-6 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Malaria remains a vector-borne infectious disease that is still a major public health concern worldwide, especially in tropical regions. Malaria is caused by a protozoan... (Review)
Review
Malaria remains a vector-borne infectious disease that is still a major public health concern worldwide, especially in tropical regions. Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus and transmitted through the bite of infected female mosquitoes. The control interventions targeting mosquito vectors have achieved significant success during the last two decades and rely mainly on the use of chemical insecticides through the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Unfortunately, resistance to conventional insecticides currently being used in public health is spreading in the natural mosquito populations, hampering the long-term success of the current vector control strategies. Thus, to achieve the goal of malaria elimination, it appears necessary to improve vector control approaches through the development of novel environment-friendly tools. Mosquito microbiota has by now given rise to the expansion of innovative control tools, such as the use of endosymbionts to target insect vectors, known as "symbiotic control." In this review, we will present the viral, fungal and bacterial diversity of mosquitoes, including the bacteriophages. This review discusses the likely interactions between the vector microbiota and its fitness and resistance to insecticides.
PubMed: 35668761
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891573 -
Genome Announcements Nov 2017Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of Anopheles A virus (ANAV) that was isolated from Colombia in 1940, and we include the first description of the...
Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of Anopheles A virus (ANAV) that was isolated from Colombia in 1940, and we include the first description of the medium and large segments. The ANAV medium and large segments share the highest identity with serogroup member Lukuni virus, which causes human infection.
PubMed: 29167256
DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01331-17 -
Journal of Medical Entomology Sep 2023Five sibling species of the Lindesayi Complex of the genus Anopheles have been discovered in Bhutan: An. druki Somboon, Namgay & Harbach, An. himalayensis Somboon,...
Five sibling species of the Lindesayi Complex of the genus Anopheles have been discovered in Bhutan: An. druki Somboon, Namgay & Harbach, An. himalayensis Somboon, Namgay & Harbach, An. lindesayi Giles, An. lindesayi species B, and An. thimphuensis Somboon, Namgay & Harbach. The species are morphologically similar in the adult and/or immature stages. This study aimed to develop a multiplex PCR assay to identify the 5 species. Allele-specific primers were designed for specific nucleotide segments of ITS2 sequences previously reported for each species. The assay provided products of 183 bp for An. druki, 338 bp for An. himalayensis, 126 bp for An. lindesayi, 290 bp for An. lindesayi species B, and 370 bp for An. thimphuensis. The use of the assay produced consistent results. The assay is relatively inexpensive, enables the rapid identification of a large number of specimens, and will foster further studies of the Lindesayi Complex.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Bhutan
PubMed: 37417304
DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad089 -
Parasites & Vectors May 2020The transmission of malaria is known to be sensitive to the survival (longevity, mortality) of its mosquito vector, yet there have been few reviews of estimates of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The transmission of malaria is known to be sensitive to the survival (longevity, mortality) of its mosquito vector, yet there have been few reviews of estimates of this important population parameter in the malaria-carrying genus Anopheles.
METHODS
We carried out a systematic search for and meta-analysis of survival estimates, framed around the methods of estimation, under the major groupings of ‛vertical' (based on stable age or stage frequencies), ‛horizontal' (based on recaptures of marked and released cohorts), and ‛parasitological' (proportion of infectious mosquitoes). Because of the intricacies of the estimation process we provide an outline of these methods.
RESULTS
By meta-analysis we quantify the average of the distribution of daily survival [Formula: see text] for vertical (0.83, 95% CI: 0.80-0.86), horizontal (0.73, 95% CI: 0.66-0.79) and parasitological (0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95) methods.
CONCLUSIONS
The meta-analysis demonstrates the anticipated result that horizontal estimates are lowest because they estimate apparent survival (survival and non-emigration) rather than true survival. On the other hand, vertical methods make strong assumptions about the stability or stationarity of the underlying populations. Further potential sources of methodological bias are mentioned. The substantial differences in estimates between methods indicates that methodological biases need to be considered when making use of available survival estimates.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Humans; Longevity; Malaria; Models, Biological; Mosquito Control; Mosquito Vectors; Population Dynamics; Survival Analysis
PubMed: 32381111
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04092-4 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 2009Airport malaria is a particular form of autochthonous malaria: it happens when the Plasmodium infected Anopheles genus mosquito travels from an endemic area to a malaria... (Review)
Review
Airport malaria is a particular form of autochthonous malaria: it happens when the Plasmodium infected Anopheles genus mosquito travels from an endemic area to a malaria free airport. Since 1969, 30 cases of airport malaria have been reported in France, 2 during summer 2008. The severity of airport malaria is explained by the frequency of Plasmodium falciparum infecting non immune individuals and an often important diagnosis delay. It is a compulsory notification disease in France. The International Health Regulations (IHR) require states to check that airplanes coming from malaria or arboviral endemic area are systematically disinsected. Vector control measures have to be implemented within a distance of at least 400 meters around the perimeter of airports in malaria or arboviral endemic areas. In France, this measure applies to all airports of French overseas territories, except for the island of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Aviation; Female; Humans; Malaria; Male; Plasmodium falciparum
PubMed: 19282131
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2008.11.014 -
Microorganisms Jun 2019Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus , which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species . Malaria remains... (Review)
Review
Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus , which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species . Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality around the world, and early diagnosis and fast-acting treatment prevent unwanted outcomes. It is the most common disease in Africa and some countries of Asia, while in the developed world malaria occurs as imported from endemic areas. The sweet sagewort plant was used as early as the second century BC to treat malaria fever in China. Much later, quinine started being used as an antimalaria drug. A global battle against malaria started in 1955, and Croatia declared 1964 to be the year of eradication of malaria. The World Health Organization carries out a malaria control program on a global scale, focusing on local strengthening of primary health care, early diagnosis of the disease, timely treatment, and disease prevention. Globally, the burden of malaria is lower than ten years ago. However, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of malaria cases around the world. It is moving towards targets established by the WHO, but that progress has slowed down.
PubMed: 31234443
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060179