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Science (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2020
Topics: Animals; Anorexia; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Mice; United States
PubMed: 32273451
DOI: 10.1126/science.368.6487.124 -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Aug 2023Anorexia nervosa is a feeding disorder involving intentional weight loss. Restricted dietary intake leads to disturbed bone metabolism due to various factors, notably...
Anorexia nervosa is a feeding disorder involving intentional weight loss. Restricted dietary intake leads to disturbed bone metabolism due to various factors, notably endocrine, that affect bone microarchitecture and incur risk of fracture. Mild to moderate anorexia shows a paradoxical increase in bone marrow adipose tissue, whereas severe forms show gelatinous transformation known as serous atrophy of bone marrow (SABM). Imaging assessment of the mineralized and adipose components uses several techniques: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography, chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-voxel MR spectroscopy. SABM induces MRI bone signal disturbances that can be hard to interpret and may hinder visualization of the fracture line.
Topics: Humans; Anorexia; Bone Marrow; Anorexia Nervosa; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Adipose Tissue; Fractures, Bone; Atrophy; Bone Density
PubMed: 37748469
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768452 -
Therapeutische Umschau. Revue... Aug 2006Anorexia nervosa differs distinctly from other psychogenic eating disorders. Well known for the past 300 years, anorexia occurs consistently and is one of the most... (Review)
Review
Anorexia nervosa differs distinctly from other psychogenic eating disorders. Well known for the past 300 years, anorexia occurs consistently and is one of the most serious illnesses to be found for a certain age group. Three-quarters of the patients are healed or improve their condition long-term; one-quarter has a chronic course frequently including somatic complications and death. Because of the long healing process as well as the extensive chronification and complication rate, an individual treatment plan should be set up at the beginning of therapy to allow for a long-term structure of the course of therapy. Depending on the severity, phase and co-morbidity, inpatient and ambulant therapies are indicated. Depending on the duration of therapy, adequate weight (BMI > 15 kg/m2), good motivation, and lack of complications, an ambulant therapy is justified. Inpatient treatment is multimodal corresponding to the multifactorial etiology of anorexia nervosa. Weight gain is an important primary goal of therapy and a prerequisite for a conflict oriented, ambulant psychotherapy to be carried on after inpatient treatment. Ambivalent psychotherapy motivation and the necessity of symptom orientation demand technical modification both for inpatient as well as ambulant psychotherapy.
Topics: Anorexia; Anorexia Nervosa; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 16941399
DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.63.8.539 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Apr 2022Cancer cachexia syndrome is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients in the advanced stage. It is a devastating disorder characterized by nutritional... (Review)
Review
Cancer cachexia syndrome is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients in the advanced stage. It is a devastating disorder characterized by nutritional impairment, weakness, and wasting, and it affects treatment success and quality of life. Two major symptoms of cancer cachexia are anorexia and weight loss. Weight loss in cachexia is not reversed through increased food intake, suggesting that anorexia and weight loss in cancer patients are regulated by independent molecular mechanisms. Although the wasting phenotype mostly occurs in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, other organs, such as the brain, liver, pancreas, heart, and gut, are also involved in cachexia. Thus, cachexia is a multiorgan syndrome. Although the molecular basis of cancer cachexia-induced weight loss is known, the mechanism underlying anorexia is poorly understood. Here, we highlight our recent discovery of a new anorexia mechanism by which a tumor-derived humoral factor induces cancer anorexia by regulating feeding-related neuropeptide hormones in the brain. Furthermore, we elucidated the process through which anorexia precedes tissue wasting in cachexia. This review article aims to provide an overview of the key molecular mechanisms of anorexia and tissue wasting caused by cancer cachexia.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Anorexia; Cachexia; Humans; Neoplasms; Quality of Life
PubMed: 35388147
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00752-w -
The Journal of Physiological Sciences :... Sep 2015Anorexia, a loss of appetite for food, can be caused by various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this review, firstly, clinical aspects of anorexia... (Review)
Review
Anorexia, a loss of appetite for food, can be caused by various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this review, firstly, clinical aspects of anorexia nervosa are summarized in brief. Secondly, hypothalamic neuropeptides responsible for feeding regulation in each hypothalamic nucleus are discussed. Finally, three different types of anorexigenic animal models; dehydration-induced anorexia, cisplatin-induced anorexia and cancer anorexia-cachexia, are introduced. In conclusion, hypothalamic neuropeptides may give us novel insight to understand and find effective therapeutics strategy essential for various kinds of anorexia.
Topics: Animals; Anorexia; Behavior, Animal; Cachexia; Cisplatin; Dehydration; Disease Models, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hypothalamus; Neoplasms; Neuropeptides; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Species Specificity
PubMed: 26123258
DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0386-3 -
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine Nov 2007Undernutrition is common in the elderly, particularly those in nursing homes and other institutions. It is associated with substantial adverse effects. The... (Review)
Review
Undernutrition is common in the elderly, particularly those in nursing homes and other institutions. It is associated with substantial adverse effects. The age-associated physiologic reduction in appetite and food intake, which has been termed "the anorexia of aging," contributes to the development of pathologic anorexia and undernutrition. This article reviews age-related changes to appetite, food intake, and body composition; undernutrition in the elderly; and the factors contributing to physiologic and pathologic anorexia and undernutrition.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aging; Anorexia; Appetite; Body Composition; Energy Intake; Humans; Malnutrition
PubMed: 17923335
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2007.06.001 -
The Lancet. Psychiatry Oct 2021
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anorexia; Female; Humans; Shame; Taboo
PubMed: 34537100
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00362-X -
Age and Ageing Jul 2020Appetite drives essential oral nutritional intake. Its regulation is complex, influenced by physiology, hedonism (the reward of eating) and learning from external cues... (Review)
Review
Appetite drives essential oral nutritional intake. Its regulation is complex, influenced by physiology, hedonism (the reward of eating) and learning from external cues within a person's society and culture. Appetite loss is common in the older population and not always attributable to medical conditions or treatment. Although the physiological basis of the anorexia of ageing (loss of appetite due to the ageing process) has been established, the effect of ageing on hedonism and external cues, which may be equally important, is less well understood. The anorexia of ageing is associated with reductions in dietary diversity and oral intake, and increased risk of malnutrition, sarcopenia and frailty. Early identification of poor appetite could allow timely intervention before weight loss occurs. There is no standardised tool for assessing appetite in clinical settings at present but the 4-item Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) has the potential to be used in this way. This review, designed for clinicians, will discuss the regulation of appetite and the pathogenesis of the anorexia of ageing. It will describe the current evidence for interventions to manage the anorexia of ageing, which is limited, with little benefit reported from individual studies of education, physical activity and medication. There is some positive evidence for flavour enhancement, fortified food and oral nutritional supplements but mainly within single studies. Looking ahead, the aim is to develop multicomponent approaches to the treatment of the anorexia of ageing based on growing understanding of the role of physiological signalling, hedonism and external cues.
Topics: Aging; Anorexia; Appetite; Eating; Humans; Malnutrition
PubMed: 32043144
DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa014 -
Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2007Malnutrition in the elderly is one of the greatest threats to health, well-being and autonomy, it is therefore crucial to understand and to contrast the causal factors... (Review)
Review
Malnutrition in the elderly is one of the greatest threats to health, well-being and autonomy, it is therefore crucial to understand and to contrast the causal factors of inadequate energy intake. This review focuses on the mechanisms of the so-called 'anorexia of aging'. In recent years, it has been shown that elderly subjects have abnormal peripheral signal patterns and alterations in central hypothalamic control relays. Negative feedback from impaired gastric motility, exaggerated long-term adiposity signals (leptin, insulin) and postprandial anorexigenic signals (CCK, PYY) seem to prevail over the central feeding drive. If nutritional strategies of intervention are to be improved, these data need to be taken into account.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Anorexia; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Malnutrition; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 17468548
DOI: 10.1159/000099477 -
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and... 1989Many theories have been advanced in an attempt to understand and treat anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder primarily affecting adolescent females. A description of... (Review)
Review
Many theories have been advanced in an attempt to understand and treat anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder primarily affecting adolescent females. A description of clinical signs and symptoms and the criteria for diagnosis is provided. A current review of the literature summarizes the major theories of etiology and treatment. A case study is presented, and nursing goals, as part of a multidisciplinary team, are discussed.
Topics: Adult; Anorexia; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans
PubMed: 2647923
DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1989.tb01613.x