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PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science... 2005A simple and rapid analytical procedure for routine quantification of n-C12H25 and n-C14H29 benzalkonium chloride (C-12 and C-14 BKC) homologs in ophthalmic formulations...
A simple and rapid analytical procedure for routine quantification of n-C12H25 and n-C14H29 benzalkonium chloride (C-12 and C-14 BKC) homologs in ophthalmic formulations containing antazoline HCl and tetrahydrozoline HCl by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed and validated. The ophthalmic solution samples can be directly analyzed by reversed-phase on HiQ-Sil C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, i.d., 5-microm particle size) with acetonitrile-sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0; 0.2 M) (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase. UV Detection was carried out at 262 nm. The method was linear over the selected concentration and ranged from 0.03 to 0.10 mg/ml (r2 = 0.9999) and from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/ml (r2 = 0.9979) for C-12 and C-14 BKC homologs, respectively. The mean percent recoveries were 100.2 and 102.6 and the percent CV values were 1.3 and 3.5 for C-12 and C-14 BKC homologs, respectively. The results demonstrated the good linearity, accuracy, and precision. The method was applied to determine two commercial ophthalmic formulations, and the percent label amounts of total BKC contents were found to be 99.7 and 103.2.
Topics: Antazoline; Anti-Infective Agents; Benzalkonium Compounds; Chromatography, Liquid; Imidazoles; Ophthalmic Solutions; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 16316068
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Mar 1965
Topics: Antazoline; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Child; Heart Arrest; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Toxicology
PubMed: 14314123
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2020Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in western society affecting more than 35 million individuals worldwide annually. It is a common postoperative... (Review)
Review
Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in western society affecting more than 35 million individuals worldwide annually. It is a common postoperative complication and may also occur spontaneously during general and local anesthesia administration. Aging, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathies, congenital cardiac anomalies, heart failure, myocardial ischemia, pericarditis, previous cardiac surgery, vascular disease, and valvular heart disease are some correlated factors. Beyond age, increased incidence of atrial fibrillation has been correlated to autoimmune system activation as it is the underlying mechanism of persistent atrial fibrillation development. Current research supports an association between the complement system activation and lymphocyte-pro-inflammatory cytokines release with the cardiac conduction system and atrial fibrosis. The loss of CD28 antigen from CD4+ CD28+ T lymphocytes seems to play a major role in atrial fibrillation development and prognosis. Except atrial fibrillation, a variety of additional electrocardiographic changes, resembling those with digitalis intoxication may accompany anaphylaxis and particularly Kounis syndrome. Histamine is one well-known mediator in allergic and inflammatory conditions as physiologically regulates several cardiovascular and endothelial functions with arrhythmogenic potential. The increased oxidative stress, measured by the redox potentials of glutathione, has been correlated with atrial fibrillation incidence and prevalence. The use of antazoline, a first-generation antihistamine agent used for rapid conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with preserved left ventricular function and for rapid atrial fibrillation termination during accessory pathway ablation denotes that anaphylaxis-induced histamine production could be the cause of atrial fibrillation at least in some instances. The anaphylaxis diagnosis in anesthesia can be challenging owing to the absence of cutaneous manifestetions such as flushing, urticaria, or angioedema. Anticoagulation for stroke prevention, rate and rhythm control medications, invasive methods such as radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation of pulmonary veins as well surgical ablation constitute the treatment basis of atrial fibrillation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of atrial fibrillation by cardiologists, anesthesiologists and surgeons, as well as potential treatments, to optimize care is of paramount importance.
Topics: Anaphylaxis; Atrial Fibrillation; Cryosurgery; Humans; Radiofrequency Ablation
PubMed: 31929239
DOI: 10.4103/aca.ACA_100_19 -
The American Journal of Cardiology May 1963
Topics: Antazoline; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans
PubMed: 13929695
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(63)90084-5 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jun 1954
Topics: Antazoline; Anti-Allergic Agents; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Motor Activity; Movement; Tripelennamine
PubMed: 13184415
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1954.tb10961.x -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nov 1978A simple, precise, and accurate spectrophotometric determination of antazoline salts was developed by improving the ceric sulfate procedure. Replacement of water with...
A simple, precise, and accurate spectrophotometric determination of antazoline salts was developed by improving the ceric sulfate procedure. Replacement of water with acetic acid for the preparation of all assay solutions permitted reproducible measurements of the chromogen that absorbed at 505 nm. An appreciable increase in color stability was attained by the controlled addition of perchloric acid to the ceric reagent prior to interaction with antazoline at room temperature. Evidence is provided to account for the oxidation of antazoline at the expense of a complex ceric species. Other 2-imidazolines or phenylephrine did not interfere with the investigated color reaction. In addition to the high value of the chromogen molar absorptivity, ideal adherence of color absorption to Beer's law permitted accurate and reproducible estimation of antazoline over the 1--10-microgram range. The procedure was applied to the analysis of different antazoline dosage forms.
Topics: Antazoline; Cerium; Imidazoles; Light; Methods; Spectrophotometry; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
PubMed: 712601
DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600671127 -
British Journal of Urology May 1992
Topics: Antazoline; Humans; Inhalation; Male; Sclerotherapy; Testicular Hydrocele
PubMed: 1623397
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1992.tb15618.x -
Die Pharmazie Aug 1978The dc-polarographic investigation of antazoline hydrochloride in aqueous acidic media is described. Using potassium chloride-hydrochloric acid mixture as the supporting...
The dc-polarographic investigation of antazoline hydrochloride in aqueous acidic media is described. Using potassium chloride-hydrochloric acid mixture as the supporting electrolyte (pH = 3.25), antazoline hydrochloride was electrochemically reduced at the dropping mercury electrode, with the production of two waves with E1/2 values of --1.35 and --1.65 V respectively. As revealed from the study of the effect of mercury column height, pH of the medium and concentration of the depolarizer, the polarographic reduction of the antazolinium cation is preceded by a catalytic H-wave. The diffusion-controlled nature of the electrode process permitted the quantitative determination of antazoline hydrochloride in concentrations down to 1.0 . 10(-4)M. Application of the presented procedure to the analysis of different dosage forms of the compound studied proved successful and compared favourably with official estimations of anatazoline salts. In view of its simplicity, accuracy and sensitivity, the presented polarographic method can be recommended for routine analysis of antazoline formulations.
Topics: Antazoline; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Imidazoles; Methods; Polarography; Solutions; Tablets
PubMed: 31632
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Jul 2003Recently, the number of agents to treat ocular allergy has increased dramatically, from three (pheniramine, antazoline, cromolyn) to more than a dozen. A general... (Review)
Review
Recently, the number of agents to treat ocular allergy has increased dramatically, from three (pheniramine, antazoline, cromolyn) to more than a dozen. A general increase in the incidence of atopy in recent years and the fact that patients are becoming less tolerant of bothersome signs and symptoms have been driving forces in this increase. As visual tasking, such as reading and working on a computer, has become more prevalent, there is an increased awareness of ocular allergy and the impact it has on quality of life and productivity at work and school. With the need for more effective medications, the development of models, such as the conjunctival allergen challenge (CAC), has made the identification of new agents more efficient. In this article, we review the relevant background on the science behind allergen challenges in the eye, how models are designed, and how models are used in the field today.
Topics: Allergens; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis, Allergic; Eye Diseases; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunologic Tests; Models, Immunological; Prevalence; United States
PubMed: 12791217
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-003-0100-z -
Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in... 1992Histamine is the key mediator producing itching, redness and chemosis in allergic conjunctivitis. Histamine levels in tears are increased ten-fold in patients with this... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Review
Histamine is the key mediator producing itching, redness and chemosis in allergic conjunctivitis. Histamine levels in tears are increased ten-fold in patients with this allergic condition. Levocabastine is a newly synthesized histamine H1 antagonist which has been formulated as both eye drops and nasal spray. In well established assays of antihistamine activity, levocabastine was found to be the most potent antihistamine compound available, being 15,000 times more potent than chlorpheniramine. Ocular provocation studies in man have shown that levocabastine protects against the symptoms of allergen-induced conjunctivitis. Ophthalmological examinations, including slit lamp and ophthalmoscopy showed no adverse effects. Data from therapeutic studies are available for more than 1700 patients with allergic conjunctivitis treated for 2-16 weeks. One drop of levocabastine (0.5 mg/ml) per eye given two to four times daily provided significantly better symptom control than placebo, with good to excellent results in 71% of patients on levocabastine compared to 55% on placebo (p < 0.001). Levocabastine has a fast onset of action. In one study 94% of patients experienced symptom relief within 15 minutes after the first instillation. The effects observed with levocabastine were at least as good as those with ocular cromoglycate or oral terfenadine. The incidence of adverse experiences was not different from placebo. Levocabastine promises to be a valuable treatment for patients with allergic conjunctivitis.
Topics: Animals; Antazoline; Conjunctivitis, Allergic; Cromolyn Sodium; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Naphazoline; Ophthalmic Solutions; Piperidines; Placebos; Terfenadine
PubMed: 1363981
DOI: 10.1007/BF00161023