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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Chemical Phenomena; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Supplements; Esthetics; Food Coloring Agents; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals; Pigmentation; Pigments, Biological
PubMed: 33255297
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235500 -
Nutrients May 2019Anthocyanins, a flavonoid class of water-soluble pigments, are reported to possess several biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Anthocyanins, a flavonoid class of water-soluble pigments, are reported to possess several biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. However, anthocyanins are highly susceptible to degradation in high pH, light, heat, and oxygen during processing and storage. Conventional microencapsulation techniques fail to provide stability to anthocyanins under physiological environments mainly because of their large particle size as well as low zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency.
METHODS
Nanotechnology provides novel strategies for preparing nanoformulations to enhance the physicochemical stability of anthocyanins. Nanoemulsion and nanoliposome are the two most commonly used nanosystems in pharmaceutical and food-related fields. In this review, an overview of various nanoemulsion and nanoliposome systems reported recently for enhancing stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity of anthocyanins is presented.
RESULTS
Anthocyanin nanoemulsions with different oil, water, surfactant, and cosurfactant ratios were prepared from extracts of mangosteen peel, purple sweet potato, cranberry, red cabbage, blueberry, jaboticaba peel, and acai berry and evaluated for their antioxidant activity, enhancement of physicochemical stability, topical skin application, and urinary tract infection. Likewise, unilamellar and multilamellar nanoliposomes were prepared using different types and levels of lecithin without or with cholesterol from anthocyanin standards and extracts of , mulberry, elderberry, black carrot, and pistachio green hull for the evaluation of physicochemical and oxidative stability, in vitro bioaccessibility, and melanogenic activity, as well as protective effects against diabetes mellitus and cataract.
CONCLUSION
This review provides an insight into the current nanotechnology updates on enhancement of anthocyanin stability and biological activity.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Drug Stability; Emulsions; Humans; Liposomes; Nanostructures
PubMed: 31083417
DOI: 10.3390/nu11051052 -
Yi Chuan = Hereditas Dec 2022Anthocyanins are a class of important flavonoid compounds widely present in plants, and play important roles in plant growth, metabolism and stress responses. In the... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are a class of important flavonoid compounds widely present in plants, and play important roles in plant growth, metabolism and stress responses. In the process of growth and development, anthocyanin renders the flowers and fruits of plants displaying rich colors, attracts insect pollination and animal feeding, thereby facilitating seed spreading and dissemination. In metabolic stress, anthocyanin can resist low temperature, drought, fungal infection, ultraviolet damage, insect pests and other stress-resistant processes. The anthocyanin biosynthesis is co-regulated by related structural genes as well as transcription factor genes. Recent studies have showed that the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes in plants are epigenetically regulated, thus affecting the synthesis of anthocyanin glycosides. Epigenetics is one of the hot topics in the field of biological sciences. In this review, we summarize the advances of epigenetic modifications in anthocyanin biosynthesis and the application of genome editing in epigenetics, thereby providing new ideas for flower color breeding improvement by epigenetic regulation.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Epigenesis, Genetic; Plant Breeding; Plants
PubMed: 36927557
DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.22-171 -
Ageing Research Reviews Apr 2022The aim of this systematic review is to ponder the possible mechanism of action of anthocyanin in Alzheimer's disease (AD), to prompt the development of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this systematic review is to ponder the possible mechanism of action of anthocyanin in Alzheimer's disease (AD), to prompt the development of anthocyanin-based dietary supplementation or therapeutic intervention for AD and to explore the natural sources of anthocyanins.
METHODS
Electronic bibliographic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Proquest, DOAJ, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for preclinical studies probing the efficacy of anthocyanin on AD. The search strategy included no time limit, but was restricted to English. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO, registration no. CRD42021272972. The systematic review followed the PICO approach for inclusion of reports. All the reports were appraised for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's RoB tool.
RESULTS
Bibliographic details of the article, animal strain/weight/age, induction model, anthocyanin source, type of anthocyanin, dose, route of administration, duration, and the outcome measures were extracted from 12 retrieved reports explicitly. The implication of food-based anthocyanin in acute and long-term cognition and Aβ mediated neurodegeneration appears alluring. Majority of the studies comprehended in this review had moderate methodological quality.
DISCUSSION
Efficacy of anthocyanin in alleviating oxidative stress, reactive astrogliosis, cholinergic dysfunction, apoptosis, synaptotoxicity, neuroinflammation, tau hyperphosphorylation, dysregulated membrane potential, neuronal extracellular calcium, dysfunctional amyloidogenic pathway, and cognitive deficits in various rodent models of AD is manifested compositely in 12 studies.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Anthocyanins; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35217244
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101595 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021CRISPR/Cas, one of the most rapidly developing technologies in the world, has been applied successfully in plant science. To test new nucleases, gRNA expression systems... (Review)
Review
CRISPR/Cas, one of the most rapidly developing technologies in the world, has been applied successfully in plant science. To test new nucleases, gRNA expression systems and other inventions in this field, several plant genes with visible phenotypic effects have been constantly used as targets. Anthocyanin pigmentation is one of the most easily identified traits, that does not require any additional treatment. It is also associated with stress resistance, therefore plants with edited anthocyanin genes might be of interest for agriculture. Phenotypic effect of CRISPR/Cas editing of and its homologs, , and genes have been confirmed in several distinct plant species. appears to be a key structural gene of anthocyanin biosynthesis, controlled by various transcription factors. There are still many promising potential model genes that have not been edited yet. Some of them, such as and , have been shown to regulate drought tolerance in addition to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Genes, also involved in trichome development, such as and , can provide increased visibility. In this review successful events of CRISPR/Cas editing of anthocyanin genes are summarized, and new model genes are proposed. It can be useful for molecular biologists and genetic engineers, crop scientists, plant genetics and physiologists.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Gene Editing; Genes, Plant; Models, Genetic; Plants
PubMed: 34445458
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168752 -
Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces Oct 2022Anthocyanins are an important group of phenolic compounds responsible for pigmentation in several plants, and regular consumption is associated with a reduced risk of... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are an important group of phenolic compounds responsible for pigmentation in several plants, and regular consumption is associated with a reduced risk of several diseases. However, the application of anthocyanins in foods represents a challenge due to molecular instability. The encapsulation of anthocyanins in nanostructures is a viable way to protect from the factors responsible for degradation and enable the industrial application of these compounds. Nanoencapsulation is a set of techniques in which the bioactive molecules are covered by resistant biomaterials that protect them from chemical and biological factors during processing and storage. This review comprehensively summarizes the existing knowledge about the structure of anthocyanins and molecular stability, with a critical analysis of anthocyanins' nanoencapsulation, the main encapsulating materials (polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids), and techniques used in the formation of nanocarriers to protect anthocyanins. Some studies point to the effectiveness of nanostructures in maintaining anthocyanin stability and antioxidant activity. The main advantages of the application of nanoencapsulated anthocyanins in foods are the increase in the nutritional value of the food, the addition of color, the increase in food storage, and the possible increase in bioavailability after oral ingestion. Nanoencapsulation improves stability for anthocyanin, thus demonstrating the potential to be included in foods or used as dietary supplements, and current limitations, challenges, and future directions of anthocyanins' have also been discussed.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Biocompatible Materials; Lipids; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 35907354
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112707 -
Annual Review of Food Science and... 2016This review considers the bioavailability of health-protective anthocyanin pigments from foods, in light of the multiple molecular structures and complicated traffic... (Review)
Review
This review considers the bioavailability of health-protective anthocyanin pigments from foods, in light of the multiple molecular structures and complicated traffic patterns taken by anthocyanins both as flavonoid metabolites and as phenolic acid metabolites within the body. Anthocyanins have generally been considered to have notoriously poor bioavailability, based on the very low levels typically detected in routine human blood draws after ingestion. Although some investigations have assessed anthocyanin bioavailability solely based on the measurement of parent anthocyanins or phenolic acid breakdown products, more recent research has increasingly revealed the presence, qualitative diversity, relatively high concentrations, and tenacity of molecular intermediates of anthocyanins that retain the unique flavonoid C6-C3-C6 backbone structure. We argue that the persistence of anthocyanin metabolites suggests enterohepatic recycling, leading to prolonged residence time, and supports the notion that anthocyanins are far more bioavailable than previously suggested.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Diet; Flavonoids; Food; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Health Promotion; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Reabsorption; Liver
PubMed: 26772410
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033346 -
Food Chemistry Jan 2017This review comprehensively summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the chemical implications of anthocyanin glycosyl acylation, the effects of acylation on the... (Review)
Review
This review comprehensively summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the chemical implications of anthocyanin glycosyl acylation, the effects of acylation on the stability of acylated anthocyanins and the corresponding mechanisms. Anthocyanin glycosyl acylation commonly refers to the phenomenon in which the hydroxyl groups of anthocyanin glycosyls are esterified by aliphatic or aromatic acids, which is synthetically represented by the acylation sites as well as the types and numbers of acyl groups. Generally, glycosyl acylation increases the in vitro and in vivo chemical stability of acylated anthocyanins, and the mechanisms primarily involve physicochemical, stereochemical, photochemical, biochemical or environmental aspects under specific conditions. Additionally, the acylation sites as well as the types and numbers of acyl groups influence the stability of acylated anthocyanins to different degrees. This review could provide insight into the optimization of the stability of anthocyanins as well as the application of suitable anthocyanins in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Topics: Acylation; Anthocyanins
PubMed: 27507456
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.073 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Sep 2017Anthocyanins have gathered the attention of the scientific community mostly due to their vast range of possible applications. They have been the center point of the... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins have gathered the attention of the scientific community mostly due to their vast range of possible applications. They have been the center point of the research in many different fields, among which is food development, where their innate coloring, antioxidant capacity, and biological potential open interesting venues to the development of new food additives and functional foodstuffs. As the range of application grows, so does the necessity to obtain these compounds, and since they are naturally occurring, the most common way to obtain anthocyanins is to extract them from different plant sources, such as fruits and flowers. Several efforts have been made to develop methods that allow for better extraction yields and higher purification rates therefore this review aims to compile the information regarding extraction and purification procedures in a comprehensive manner.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Flowers; Fruit; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 26529399
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1087963 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic...
Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic breakdown, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Direct delivery to target tissues and entrapment of anthocyanins increases their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study was to develop a direct delivery system of anthocyanins into pulmonary tissues via encapsulated nanocarriers. A cyanidin-3--glucoside (C3G)-rich anthocyanin extract was prepared from well-ripened haskap ( L.) berries (HB) and encapsulated in three different polymeric nanocarrier systems: polyethylene glycol-poly(lactide--glycolide), maltodextrin, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in CMC (10%) than in the other two polymers. The cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effect of HB anthocyanin-encapsulated CMC (HB-CMC, 4 g of C3G equivalent anthocyanin in 2 mg/mL nanoparticle) and anthocyanin-free CMC (E-CMC, 2 mg/mL) were tested for cytotoxicity using human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The CMC nanoparticles were not cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. The HB-CMC nanoparticles reduced carcinogen-induced oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells and restored the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. The HB-CMC nanoparticles also reduced carcinogen-induced DNA single-strand breaks and alkaline-labile sites but not the double-strand breaks. The E-CMC, HB-CMC (28 g C3G equivalent/mouse/day for six days), or the same dose of free HB anthocyanin was administered to A/JCr mice through a nose-only passive inhalation device. C3G and its metabolites, cyanidin, peonidin-3--glucoside, and cyanidin-3--glucuronide, were detected by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS in the lungs of mice after one hour of exposure. Therefore, the CMC could be a promising noncytotoxic candidate to encapsulate HB anthocyanin. Direct delivery of anthocyanin to lung tissues enhances tissue retention, slows phase 2 metabolism, and improves therapeutic efficacy.
Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Carcinogens; Chitosan; DNA; Glucosides; Glucuronides; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Lung; Mice; Nanoparticles; Plant Extracts; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 36124088
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1422929