-
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2024Nanoparticle systems integrating alginate and chitosan emerge as a promising avenue to tackle challenges in leveraging the potency of pharmacological active agents.... (Review)
Review
Nanoparticle systems integrating alginate and chitosan emerge as a promising avenue to tackle challenges in leveraging the potency of pharmacological active agents. Owing to their intrinsic properties as polysaccharides, alginate and chitosan, exhibit remarkable biocompatibility, rendering them conducive to bodily integration. By downsizing drug particles to the nano-scale, the system enhances drug solubility in aqueous environments by augmenting surface area. Additionally, the system orchestrates extended drug release kinetics, aligning well with the exigencies of chronic drug release requisite for antibacterial therapeutics. A thorough scrutiny of existing literature underscores a wealth of evidence supporting the utilization of the alginate-chitosan nanoparticle system for antibacterial agent delivery. Literature reviews present abundant evidence of the utilization of nanoparticle systems based on a combination of alginate and chitosan for antibacterial agent delivery. Various experiments demonstrate enhanced antibacterial efficacy, including an increase in the inhibitory zone diameter, improvement in the minimum inhibitory concentration, and an enhancement in the bacterial reduction rate. This enhancement in efficacy occurs due to mechanisms involving increased solubility resulting from particle size reduction, prolonged release effects, and enhanced selectivity towards bacterial cell walls, stemming from ionic interactions between positively charged particles and teichoic acid on bacterial cell walls. However, clinical studies remain limited, and there are currently no marketed antibacterial drugs utilizing this system. Hence, expediting clinical efficacy validation is crucial to maximize its benefits promptly.
Topics: Chitosan; Alginates; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Drug Liberation; Drug Carriers; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Solubility; Bacteria
PubMed: 38832335
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S469572 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Feb 2016One of the last untapped reservoirs in nature for the identification of new anti-microbials is bacteriophages, the natural killers of bacteria. Lytic bacteriophages... (Review)
Review
One of the last untapped reservoirs in nature for the identification of new anti-microbials is bacteriophages, the natural killers of bacteria. Lytic bacteriophages encode peptidoglycan (PG) lytic enzymes able to degrade the PG layer in different steps of their infection cycle. Endolysins degrade the bacterial cell wall at the end of the infection cycle, causing lysis of the host to release the viral progeny. Recombinant endolysins have been successfully applied as anti-bacterial agent against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. This has boosted the study of these enzymes as new anti-microbials in different fields (e.g. medical, food technology). A key example is the recent development of endolysin-based anti-bacterials against Gram-negative pathogens in which the exogenous application of endolysins is hindered by the outer membrane (OM). These novel anti-microbials, termed Artilysin®s, are able to pass through the OM and reach the PG where they exert their action. In addition, mycobacteria whose cell wall is structurally different from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have also been reported to be inhibited by mycobacteriophage-encoded endolysins. Endolysins and endolysin-based anti-microbials can be considered as ideal candidates for an alternative to antibiotics for several reasons: (1) their unique mode of action and activity against bacterial persisters (independent of an active host metabolism), (2) their selective activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (including antibiotic resistant strains) and mycobacteria, (3) the limited resistance development reported so far. The present review summarizes and discusses the potential applications of endolysins as new anti-microbials.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Endopeptidases; Enzymes; Microbial Viability
PubMed: 26862197
DOI: 10.1042/BST20150192 -
Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin May 2017Bacterial vaginosis is an infection characterised by overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the vagina with an accompanying loss of lactobacilli, and is thought to be the...
Bacterial vaginosis is an infection characterised by overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the vagina with an accompanying loss of lactobacilli, and is thought to be the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of child-bearing age. Standard treatment for symptomatic bacterial vaginosis consists of a short course of an oral or topical antibiotic. Dequalinium, a topical antiseptic agent, has been available for many years as a treatment for oral infections. A new formulation, dequalinium 10mg vaginal tablets (Fluomizin-Kora Healthcare), was licensed in the UK in June 2015 for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Here, we review evidence for the effectiveness and safety of dequalinium vaginal tablets in the management of bacterial vaginosis.
Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dequalinium; Female; Humans; Tablets; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 28495833
DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2017.5.0478 -
Future Microbiology Nov 2021The present review encompasses a patent landscape on bacteriophage as an antimicrobial agent and one of the alternatives to combat antibiotic resistance in bacteria.... (Review)
Review
The present review encompasses a patent landscape on bacteriophage as an antimicrobial agent and one of the alternatives to combat antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This study gives a perspective on use of bacteriophages in various industries such as healthcare, food safety and animal and plant protection. Patenting activity was noted for all the antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens listed in the 'critical' category by the WHO. Broadly, claims of the analyzed patents were directed toward bacteriophage, composition/formulation containing phage, phage proteins and various methods of using or producing phage. The challenges to approval of phage therapy in clinical use may be overcome with the help of focused research and modification of the regulatory guidelines for phage therapy.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriophages; Phage Therapy
PubMed: 34755539
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0062 -
Journal of Theoretical Biology Feb 2020This work introduces a new probabilistic agent-based lattice model for studying the emergence of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) and proposes a new proxy to measure it:...
This work introduces a new probabilistic agent-based lattice model for studying the emergence of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) and proposes a new proxy to measure it: the average death probability of the population under the action of the AMD. Both analytical studies and computer simulations of the microscopic behaviour of a bacterial culture interacting with anti-microbial drugs on a discrete lattice are carried out by focusing on the dynamics of this quantity. A unique genotype-phenotype map and classes of AMDs follow as emergent properties and their effects on the possible reversal of resistance are analysed. We also discuss briefly the possibility of using machine learning techniques to learn the model parameters.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Machine Learning
PubMed: 31730771
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110080 -
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs Feb 2002Erythromycin, which was introduced over 50 years ago, was the first macrolide to be used clinically. "New" macrolides, for the treatment of patients with various... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Erythromycin, which was introduced over 50 years ago, was the first macrolide to be used clinically. "New" macrolides, for the treatment of patients with various infectious diseases, were not clinically introduced until 40 years later. The pharmacokinetic and adverse events profile of erythromycin initially limited its use to an alternative agent for patients with allergy to beta-lactam agents. However, the emergence of atypical and/or new pathogens and the ongoing escalation of acquired antimicrobial resistance has impacted on the empirical and organism directed therapy of infectious diseases. Azithromycin and clarithromycin were developed by enhancing the basic macrolide structure. Some of the basic features associated with these new agents include a pharmacokinetic profiles that allow once or twice daily dosing with a much lower incidence of side effects and a substantially broader spectrum of activity which includes some Gram-negative bacilli, atypical pathogens and new, unconventional or uncommon pathogens. Clinical trial data has supported the use of "new" macrolides in a wide range of clinical indications, however, some specific indications are currently restricted to treatment with either azithromycin or clarithromycin. Macrolide resistance is a class effect and depending on the mechanism will confer either low or high level resistance. While resistance is problematic, it does not always result in clinical failure. The macrolides are a valuable class of antimicrobial agent and play an important role in the management of infectious diseases.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Coronary Artery Disease; Drug Interactions; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Macrolides; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 11829712
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.11.2.189 -
International Journal of Biological... Jul 2023Periodontitis has been reported as the sixth most prevalent disease in human beings. This destructive disease is closely related to systemic diseases. Existing local...
Periodontitis has been reported as the sixth most prevalent disease in human beings. This destructive disease is closely related to systemic diseases. Existing local drug delivery systems for periodontitis suffer from poor antibacterial effect and drug resistance. Inspired by the pathogenesis of periodontitis, we implemented a strategy to construct a dual functional polypeptide LL37-C15, which exhibited remarkable antibacterial effect against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, LL37-C15 inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by controlling the inflammatory pathway and reversing macrophage M1. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of LL37-C15 was also verified in vivo in a periodontitis rat model through the morphometry and histological observations of alveolar bone, hematoxylin-eosin, and Trap staining in gingival tissue. The results of molecular dynamics simulations showed that LL37-C15 could selectively destroy the bacterial cell membrane and protect the animal cell membrane in a self-destructive manner. The results showed that the polypeptide LL37-C15, as a novel promising therapeutic agent, exhibited a great potential for the periodontitis management. What's more, this dual functional polypeptide provides a promising strategy for building a multifunctional therapeutic platform against the inflammation and other diseases.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Periodontitis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 37196724
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124920 -
Antimicrobial activity of synthesized graphene oxide-selenium nanocomposites: A mechanistic insight.Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2023Nanoparticles have recently gained interest as an anti-bacterial agent due to their large surface area/volume ratio and potential to compromise the integrity of...
Nanoparticles have recently gained interest as an anti-bacterial agent due to their large surface area/volume ratio and potential to compromise the integrity of bacterial cell membranes. Due to its versatility and anti-bacterial activity, graphene-based materials have drawn significant interest in biomedical applications. One of the greatest threats to life in the modern technological era is the pervasiveness of infectious diseases since bacteria cells are constantly updating themselves to resist antibiotics. In this presented study, GO-Se nanocomposite has been synthesized using polymer solution via a simple dispersion method. The structural and physicochemical properties of nanocomposite were investigated in detail. Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, and Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains were employed to study the anti-bacterial activity of GO-Se nanocomposite. The results show that the synthesized nanocomposites have good efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent. UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, HRTEM, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the as-prepared GO and GO-Se nanocomposite.
Topics: Graphite; Selenium; Nanocomposites; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 36227490
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23550-3 -
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2010This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms associated with the development of antimicrobial drug resistance, international... (Review)
Review
This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms associated with the development of antimicrobial drug resistance, international differences in definitions of resistance, ongoing efforts to track shifts in drug susceptibility, and factors that can influence the selection of therapeutic intervention. The latter presents a matrix of complex variables that includes the mechanism of drug action, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the antimicrobial agent in the targeted patient population, the pharmacodynamics (PD) of the bacterial response to the antimicrobial agent, the PK/PD relationship that will influence dose selection, and the integrity of the host immune system. Finally, the differences between bacterial tolerance and bacterial resistance are considered, and the potential for non-traditional anti-infective therapies is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Deinococcus; Drug Monitoring; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Tolerance; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Mutation; Time Factors; Veterinary Medicine; Virulence
PubMed: 20204590
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10324-7_10 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023The bulk of bacteria transiently evading appropriate antibiotic regimes and recovered from non-resolutive infections are commonly refer to as persisters. In this... (Review)
Review
The bulk of bacteria transiently evading appropriate antibiotic regimes and recovered from non-resolutive infections are commonly refer to as persisters. In this mini-review, we discuss how antibiotic persisters stem from the interplay between the pathogen and the cellular defenses mechanisms and its underlying heterogeneity.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria
PubMed: 37065203
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1141868