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Forschende Komplementarmedizin (2006) 2016Honey has been considered as a therapeutic agent; its successful application in the treatment of non-healing infected wounds has promoted its further clinical usage for... (Review)
Review
Honey has been considered as a therapeutic agent; its successful application in the treatment of non-healing infected wounds has promoted its further clinical usage for treating various disorders including eye disorders. There is evidence that honey may be helpful in treating dry eye disease, post-operative corneal edema, and bullous keratopathy. Furthermore, it can be used as an antibacterial agent to reduce the ocular flora. This review discusses both the current knowledge of and new perspectives for honey therapy in ophthalmology.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Complementary Therapies; Eye Diseases; Honey; Humans; Ophthalmic Solutions; Treatment Outcome; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27924791
DOI: 10.1159/000452116 -
Lancet (London, England) Jan 1991The novel macrolide immunosuppressant FK 506 is a powerful and selective anti-T-cell agent which has a similar mode of action to that of cyclosporin. Clinical studies of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The novel macrolide immunosuppressant FK 506 is a powerful and selective anti-T-cell agent which has a similar mode of action to that of cyclosporin. Clinical studies of FK 506 in liver allograft recipients indicate a lower risk/benefit ratio than with cyclosporin, and wider evaluation of FK 506 in transplant recipients is now under way in multicentre, prospective, controlled trials in both Europe and North America.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cyclosporins; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Organ Transplantation; T-Lymphocytes; Tacrolimus
PubMed: 1702172
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93341-6 -
Drugs in R&D Jun 2022Lysins are bacteriophage-derived enzymes that degrade essential components of bacteria. Exebacase (Lysin CF-301) is an attractive antimicrobial agent because it... (Review)
Review
Lysins are bacteriophage-derived enzymes that degrade essential components of bacteria. Exebacase (Lysin CF-301) is an attractive antimicrobial agent because it demonstrates rapid bacteriolytic activity against staphylococcal species, including Staphylococcus aureus, has a low resistance profile, eradicates biofilms, and acts synergistically with other antibiotics. Combinations including exebacase and standard of care antibiotics represent an alternative to antibiotic monotherapies currently used to treat invasive staphylococcal infections. This manuscript reviews what is known about exebacase and explores how this novel agent may be used in the future to treat human bacterial pathogens.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35175568
DOI: 10.1007/s40268-022-00383-6 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Microbial biofilms are becoming increasingly difficult to treat in the medical setting due to their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. To combat this, several biofilm... (Review)
Review
Microbial biofilms are becoming increasingly difficult to treat in the medical setting due to their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. To combat this, several biofilm dispersal agents are currently being developed as treatments for biofilm infections. Combining biofilm dispersal agents with antibiotics is emerging as a promising strategy to simultaneously disperse and eradicate biofilms or, in some cases, even inhibit biofilm formation. Here we review studies that have investigated the anti-biofilm activity of some well-studied biofilm dispersal agents (e.g., quorum sensing inhibitors, nitric oxide/nitroxides, antimicrobial peptides/amino acids) in combination with antibiotics from various classes. This review aims to directly compare the efficacy of different combination strategies against microbial biofilms and highlight synergistic treatments that warrant further investigation. By comparing across studies that use different measures of efficacy, we can conclude that treating biofilms and, in some limited cases , with a combination of an anti-biofilm agent and an antibiotic, appears overall more effective than treating with either compound alone. The review identifies the most promising combination therapies currently under development as biofilm inhibition and eradication therapies.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Quorum Sensing
PubMed: 35281447
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.850030 -
American Family Physician Aug 2000Beta-lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins and related compounds. As a group, these drugs are active against many gram-positive, gram-negative and... (Review)
Review
Beta-lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins and related compounds. As a group, these drugs are active against many gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic organisms. Information based on "expert opinion" and antimicrobial susceptibility testing supports certain antibiotic choices for the treatment of common infections, but less evidence-based literature is available to guide treatment decisions. Evidence in the literature supports the selection of amoxicillin as first-line antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media. Alternative drugs, such as amoxicillin-clavulanate, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefuroxime axetil, can be used to treat resistant infections. Penicillin V remains the drug of choice for the treatment of pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci. Inexpensive narrow-spectrum drugs such as amoxicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are first-line therapy for sinusitis. Animal and human bites can be treated most effectively with amoxicillin-clavulanate. For most outpatient procedures, amoxicillin is the preferred agent for bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis. Beta-lactam antibiotics are usually not the first choice for empiric outpatient treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Based on the literature, the role of beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis, skin infections and urinary tract infections remains unclear.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Drug Prescriptions; Humans; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 10950216
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Nov 2006Imipenem, the first carbapenem discovered, was developed more than two decades ago in response to an unmet need for a highly potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent... (Review)
Review
Imipenem, the first carbapenem discovered, was developed more than two decades ago in response to an unmet need for a highly potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with a strong safety profile. It has since been used to treat more than 26 million patients. In an era where antibiotic use has driven antibiotic resistance, choosing appropriate initial therapy for serious infection is critical. Appropriate antibiotic regimens must cover all likely pathogens, be administered promptly at the correct dosage and dosing interval, be well tolerated and prevent the emergence of resistance. While imipenem was initially reserved for use in intractable, serious infections, the benefits of early aggressive therapy are now known, making imipenem a core agent in de-escalation therapy due to proven efficacy and safety for indications such as nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infection, sepsis and febrile neutropenia. De-escalation therapy with an agent such as imipenem minimizes resistance development by initiating aggressive initial treatment and then tailoring therapy based on patient response and culture results, switching to a less expensive, narrower spectrum antibiotic regimen or shortening the duration of therapy. Imipenem has maintained sustained clinical efficacy, tolerability and in vitro activity against important bacterial pathogens for two decades. We review the factors that continue to make imipenem as appropriate an agent for de-escalation therapy now as it was 20 years ago.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Imipenem
PubMed: 16997845
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl354 -
Symposium Series (Society For Applied... 2002Resistance to antibiotics is increasingly commonplace amongst important human pathogens. Although the mechanism(s) of resistance vary from agent to agent they typically... (Review)
Review
Resistance to antibiotics is increasingly commonplace amongst important human pathogens. Although the mechanism(s) of resistance vary from agent to agent they typically involve one or more of: alteration of the drug target in the bacterial cell, enzymatic modification or destruction of the drug itself, or limitation of drug accumulation as a result of drug exclusion or active drug efflux. While most of these are agent specific, providing resistance to a single antimicrobial or class of antimicrobial, there are currently numerous examples of efflux systems that accommodate and, thus, provide resistance to a broad range of structurally unrelated antimicrobials--so-called multidrug efflux systems. Resistance to biocides is less common and likely reflects the multiplicity of targets within the cell as well as the general lack of known detoxifying enzymes. Resistance typically results from cellular changes that impact on biocide accumulation, including cell envelope changes that limit uptake, or expression of efflux mechanisms. Still, target site mutations leading to biocide resistance, though rare, are known. Intriguingly, many multidrug efflux systems also accommodate biocides (e.g. triclosan) such that strains expressing these are both antibiotic- and biocide-resistant. Indeed, concern has been expressed regarding the potential for agents such as triclosan to select for strains resistant to multiple clinically-relevant antibiotics. Some of the better characterized examples of such multidrug efflux systems can be found in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa where they play an important role in the noted intrinsic and acquired resistance of this organism to antibiotics and triclosan. These tripartite pumps include an integral inner membrane drug-proton antiporter, an outer membrane- and periplasm-spanning channel-forming protein and a periplasmic link protein that joins these two. Expression of efflux genes is governed minimally by the product of a linked regulatory gene that is in most cases the target for mutation in multidrug resistant strains hyperexpressing these efflux systems. Issues for consideration include the natural function of these efflux systems and the therapeutic potential of targeting these systems in combating acquired multidrug resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane Permeability; Drug Resistance, Bacterial
PubMed: 12481829
DOI: No ID Found -
Yonsei Medical Journal Mar 2016Macrophages (Mφ) play a pivotal role in the protection system by recognizing and eliminating invading pathogenic bacteria. Phagocytosis and the killing of invading... (Review)
Review
Macrophages (Mφ) play a pivotal role in the protection system by recognizing and eliminating invading pathogenic bacteria. Phagocytosis and the killing of invading bacteria are major effector functions of Mφ. Although the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of Mφ have been analyzed via several methods using a light microscope, a fluorescence microscope, or a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, expensive materials and equipment are usually required, and the methods are rather complicated. Moreover, it is impossible to determine both the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of Mφ simultaneously using these methods. In this review, we describe a simple, reproducible, inexpensive, yet old-fashioned method (antibiotic protection assay) for determining the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of Mφ.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gentamicins; Macrophages; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 26847277
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.283 -
Scientific Reports May 2022Wound healing is a complex process and rapid healing necessitates a proper micro-environment. Therefore, design and fabrication of an efficacious wound dressing is an...
Wound healing is a complex process and rapid healing necessitates a proper micro-environment. Therefore, design and fabrication of an efficacious wound dressing is an impressive innovation in the field of wound healing. The fabricated wound dressing in this scenario was designed using a combination of the appropriate coagulating and anti-bacterial materials like fibrinogen (as coagulating agent), nisin (as anti-bacterial agent), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (as anti-bacterial agent), and alginate (as wound healing agent). Biophysical characterization showed that the interaction of fibrinogen and alginate was associated with minor changes in the secondary structure of the protein. Conformational studies showed that the protein was structurally stable at 42 °C, is the maximum temperature of the infected wound. The properties of the hydrogel such as swelling, mechanical resistance, nisin release, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, gel porosity, and blood coagulation were assessed. The results showed a slow release for the nisin during 48 h. Antibacterial studies showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The hydrogel was also capable to absorb a considerable amount of water and provide oxygenation as well as incorporation of the drug into its structure due to its sufficient porosity. Scanning electron microscopy showed pore sizes of about 14-198 µm in the hydrogel. Cell viability studies indicated high biocompatibility of the hydrogel. Blood coagulation test also confirmed the effectiveness of the synthesized hydrogel in accelerating the process of blood clot formation. In vivo studies showed higher rates of wound healing, re-epithelialization, and collagen deposition. According to the findings from in vitro as well as in vivo studies, the designed hydrogel can be considered as a novel attractive wound dressing after further prerequisite assessments.
Topics: Alginates; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Fibrinogen; Hydrogels; Nisin; Wound Healing
PubMed: 35508533
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11282-w -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2017In recent years, the emergence of ESBL-producing and multi-drug resistant bacteria have been increased and designing novel components is necessary for confrontation... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the emergence of ESBL-producing and multi-drug resistant bacteria have been increased and designing novel components is necessary for confrontation these bacteria. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are one of the synthetic components that bind to single strand DNA and RNA. Applications of these components are wide while, and one of the important applications of these components is inhibition of gene expression and knock downing the target gene follow as inhibition of bacterial growth. For PNA targeting gene, peptide-PNAs (PPNA) activity cannot be occurred without sequence homology, at the same time, it has been affected by sequence-based specific target and dose-dependent-based manner. Choosing the conserved sequence in different bacterial genus can provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this review article, we studied several research papers and extract PNA targeting genes that cause gene knock down and inhibition of bacterial growth. Some novel opportunities for advancement and the design ultra-narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drugs against multi-drug can be accessible by utilizing PNA against necessary genes of pathogens. These results open novel vision for therapeutic intervention. Future researches are required to evaluate the safety, toxicity and pharmacokinetics properties of PPNAs in order to be utilized in clinical treatment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Humans; Peptide Nucleic Acids
PubMed: 28686972
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.092