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Adverse Drug Reactions and Acute... 1987Experimental and clinical experience with compounds containing antimony have shown that the trivalent compounds are generally more toxic than the pentavalent ones. APT...
Experimental and clinical experience with compounds containing antimony have shown that the trivalent compounds are generally more toxic than the pentavalent ones. APT can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis and is therefore not given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. APT has the actions and uses of AST, but it is less soluble and more irritating than the sodium salt which is therefore more suitable for intravenous use. Trivalent antimony compounds are toxic when used topically. Adverse effects are similar for all trivalent compounds, and include nausea, vomiting, weakness and myalgia, abdominal colic, diarrhoea, and skin rashes, including pustular eruptions. Hypersensitivity reactions also occur. Respiratory symptoms include cough, dyspnoea, and chronic lung changes. Cardiotoxicity is the most important and may produce arrhythmias, myocardial depression and damage, Stokes-Adams attacks, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Hepatic damage and necrosis, as well as blood dyscrasias, may occur. Toxic effects on the kidney may follow chronic use. Continuous treatment with small doses of antimony may give rise to symptoms of subacute poisoning, similar to those of chronic arsenic poisoning, due to accumulation of antimony in the body, especially if trivalent compounds are used, because of their long biological half-lives. Reproductive disorders and chromosome damage have been reported; antimony compounds are, therefore, potentially toxic to reproduction and have mutagenic, and oncogenic potential. Antimony compounds should, therefore, not be used during pregnancy or in the presence of hepatic, renal, or heart disease. Pentavalent antimony preparations especially the organic compounds, together with non-metallic synthetic preparations, such as the diamidines, have now replaced APT for use in leishmaniasis. Because of the toxicity of antimony compounds, investigations have been undertaken to reduce their adverse effects by combining them with chelating agents. These preparations appear to have reduced the toxic effects of antimony without affecting the efficacy of the preparations. Liposome-encapsulated antimony products have, more recently, been shown to be much less toxic because of the reduced dose of the antimony compound required for effective therapy. The historical uses of antimony were based on the belief that the topical and systemic adverse effects, for example, skin eruptions and diarrhoea and vomiting, were signs that the condition being treated was responding by being brought to the surface to relieve congestion at the diseased area. There is no evidence in topical use, but there is evidence that such use can cause severe reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Antimony; Chemistry; Environmental Exposure; Female; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Kinetics
PubMed: 3307336
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Research Jun 2024Every year, a significant amount of antimony (Sb) enters the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources like mining, smelting, industrial operations, ore... (Review)
Review
Every year, a significant amount of antimony (Sb) enters the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources like mining, smelting, industrial operations, ore processing, vehicle emissions, shooting activities, and coal power plants. Humans, plants, animals, and aquatic life are heavily exposed to hazardous Sb or antimonide by either direct consumption or indirect exposure to Sb in the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge about Sb global occurrence, its fate, distribution, speciation, associated health hazards, and advanced biochar composites studies used for the remediation of soil contaminated with Sb to lessen Sb bioavailability and toxicity in soil. Anionic metal(loid) like Sb in the soil is significantly immobilized by pristine biochar and its composites, reducing their bioavailability. However, a comprehensive review of the impacts of biochar-based composites on soil Sb remediation is needed. Therefore, the current review focuses on (1) the fundamental aspects of Sb global occurrence, global soil Sb contamination, its transformation in soil, and associated health hazards, (2) the role of different biochar-based composites in the immobilization of Sb from soil to increase biochar applicability toward Sb decontamination. The review aids in developing advanced, efficient, and effective engineered biochar composites for Sb remediation by evaluating novel materials and techniques and through sustainable management of Sb-contaminated soil, ultimately reducing its environmental and health risks.
Topics: Antimony; Charcoal; Soil Pollutants; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Decontamination; Soil
PubMed: 38485077
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118645 -
Nature May 1967
Topics: Activation Analysis; Antimony; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 6051866
DOI: 10.1038/214819b0 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Feb 2007Leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease is endemic in developing countries of tropical regions, and in recent years economic... (Review)
Review
Leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease is endemic in developing countries of tropical regions, and in recent years economic globalization and increased travel have extended its reach to people in developed countries. In the absence of effective vaccines and vector-control measures, the main line of defence against the disease is chemotherapy. Organic pentavalent antimonials [Sb(V)] have been the first-line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis for the last six decades, and clinical resistance to these drugs has emerged as a primary obstacle to successful treatment and control. A multiplicity of resistance mechanisms have been described in resistant Leishmania mutants developed in vitro by stepwise increases of the concentration of either antimony [Sb(III)] or the related metal arsenic [As(III)], the most prevalent mechanism being upregulated Sb(III) detoxification and sequestration. With the availability of resistant field isolates, it has now become possible to elucidate mechanisms of clinical resistance. The present review describes the mechanisms of antimony resistance in Leishmania and highlights the links between previous hypotheses and current developments in field studies. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of clinical resistance could allow the prevention and circumvention of resistance, as well as rational drug design for the treatment of drug-resistant Leishmania.
Topics: Animals; Antimony; Antiprotozoal Agents; Drug Resistance; Leishmania; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Tubulin
PubMed: 17244793
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46841-0 -
BMC Geriatrics Aug 2022We have looked at antimony (Sb) as a new neurotoxin which causes neuronal apoptosis in animal studies. At the population level, however, there is no direct evidence for...
BACKGROUND
We have looked at antimony (Sb) as a new neurotoxin which causes neuronal apoptosis in animal studies. At the population level, however, there is no direct evidence for a relationship between Sb exposure and cognitive performance.
METHOD
The study comprehensively assessed the correlation between urinary antimony levels and cognitive test scores in 631 creatinine-corrected older persons using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014.
RESULTS
Using logistic regression, the study looked at the prevalence of cognitive impairment at different levels of urine antimony concentrations and found that, after controlling for covariates, higher doses of urinary antimony were positively associated with cognitive function compared to controls, odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were 0.409 (0.185-0.906) and 0.402 (0.186-0.871) respectively. Restricted cubic spline curves showed a non-linear and dose-specific correlation between urinary antimony and cognitive performance, with lower doses associated with better cognitive performance, while higher doses may be associated with cognitive impairment.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data provide evidence for a correlation between Sb and cognitive function at the population level, although the specific mechanisms need to be investigated further.
Topics: Antimony; Cognition; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Nutrition Surveys; Odds Ratio
PubMed: 35962346
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03351-6 -
Chemosphere Sep 2014Studies on the sorption behaviors of selenium (Se) and antimony (Sb) are reviewed. Both Se and Sb chemical speciation can be controlled by pH and redox potential, and... (Review)
Review
Studies on the sorption behaviors of selenium (Se) and antimony (Sb) are reviewed. Both Se and Sb chemical speciation can be controlled by pH and redox potential, and both of them are likely to be sorbed onto oxy-hydroxides of aluminum, iron or manganese in soils. For agricultural soils especially, there are important physico-chemical and biological differences between non-flooded and wetland soils. Se forms Se(VI), Se(IV), Se(0), Se(-II), and organic Se species at soil pH and redox conditions. Under non-flooded conditions Se solubility is governed by an adsorption mechanism onto metal oxy-hydroxides rather than by precipitation and dissolution reactions; however, for the conditions of wetland soils, it can be expected that Se(0) and organic matter-bound Se play an important role. For Sb, in the soil environment, the dominant Sb forms are Sb(III) and Sb(V). Under aerobic soil conditions, Sb(III) is likely to be oxidized to Sb(V), and the dominant sorbed Sb species should be Sb(V). Under reducing conditions Sb mobility should be lower than under oxidizing conditions due to the lower mobility of Sb(III); however, reduction of Fe and Mn oxides could lead to dissolution of Fe and Mn-bound Sb. This indicates that the risk of Sb contamination to the food chain could be increased in wetland systems.
Topics: Adsorption; Antimony; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxidation-Reduction; Selenium; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Wetlands; X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
PubMed: 24997941
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.024 -
Metal Ions in Biological Systems 2005Antimony is a potentially toxic trace element with no known biological function. Antimony is commonly enriched in coals, and fossil fuel combustion appears to be the... (Review)
Review
Antimony is a potentially toxic trace element with no known biological function. Antimony is commonly enriched in coals, and fossil fuel combustion appears to be the largest single source of anthropogenic Sb to the global atmosphere. Abundant in sulfide minerals, its emission to the atmosphere from anthropogenic activities is linked to the mining and metallurgy of non-ferrous metals, especially Pb, Cu, and Zn. In particular, the geochemical and mineralogical association of Sb with Pb minerals implies that, like Pb, Sb has been emitted to the environment for thousands of years because of Pb mining, smelting, and refining. In the US alone, there are more than 400 former secondary lead smelting operations and worldwide there are 133 Pb-Zn smelters in operation today. Antimony is used in creating and improving dozens of industrial and commercial materials including various alloys, ceramics, glasses, plastics, and synthetic fabrics, making waste incineration another important source of Sb to the environment. Enrichments of Sb in atmospheric aerosols, plants, soils, sediments, as well as alpine and polar snow and ice suggest that Sb contamination is extensive, but there are very few quantitative studies of the geographic extent, intensity, and chronology of this contamination. There is an urgent need to quantify the extent of human impacts and how these have changed with time. The decreasing inventories of anthropogenic Sb with time in peat cores from Switzerland and Scotland suggest that the atmospheric Sb flux may be declining, but there have been too few studies to make any general conclusions. In fact, some studies of sediments and biomonitors in central Europe show little decline in Sb concentrations during the past decades. There is an obvious need for reliable data from well dated archives such as polar snow and ice, peat bogs, and sediments. The air concentrations, extent of enrichment, particle size distribution, and rate of deposition of Sb in urban areas is cause for concern. The natural processes which controlled the Sb flux to the atmosphere in the pre-anthropogenic past are poorly understood. The cumulative amount of anthropogenic Sb in soils has not yet been quantified. The long-term fate of Sb in soils, including weathering and mobilization, has only started to be investigated. However, the limited data available suggests that, in some locations at least, anthropogenic Sb in soils may be more mobile than anthropogenic Pb. Further study of this problem is needed, as well as the chemical speciation of Sb in soil-water-plant-sediment systems, and the implications which this has for human and ecosystem health.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Antimony; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Geological Phenomena; Geology; Plants; Soil Pollutants; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 15971668
DOI: No ID Found -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jan 2021Antimony has been listed as a critical pollutant in many countries because of its toxic effects on earth organisms. In this study, titanate nanosheets (TNS) were...
Antimony has been listed as a critical pollutant in many countries because of its toxic effects on earth organisms. In this study, titanate nanosheets (TNS) were prepared with a high specific surface area by alkaline hydrothermal method. The adsorption mechanism and adsorption capacity of removing Sb(III) from aqueous solutions with TNS as an adsorbent were investigated for the first time. The FTIR and XPS analysis indicated that the interlayer sodium ions of TNS were responsible for Sb(III) adsorption. The batch experiments were conducted on solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and reaction time. The results exhibited that when pH was 2, the removal rate was about 90% with the dosage of TNS was 0.1 g/L. The adsorption reaction was exceedingly rapid in the initial 5 min, and then the reaction was in equilibrium after about 30 min. The experimental data were better fitted with Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption amount could attain 232.56 mg/g. The experiments showed that TNS had outstanding anti-interference performance to common cations. Therefore, TNS were considered to be an excellent material for removing Sb(III) from aqueous solutions.
Topics: Adsorption; Antimony; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ions; Kinetics; Nanostructures; Titanium; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 32920314
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111271 -
Biochimie May 2023Leishmania parasites have an oxidative and chemical defense mechanism called trypanothione system (T[SH]), the most abundant thiol system in trypanosomatids. This system...
Leishmania parasites have an oxidative and chemical defense mechanism called trypanothione system (T[SH]), the most abundant thiol system in trypanosomatids. This system has a central role in processing pentavalent antimony and resistance has been related to a better capacity to metabolize it through the activation of T[SH] enzymatic cascade. A biochemical approach was applied to assess the effect of trivalent (Sb) and pentavalent antimony (Sb) on Trypanothione Reductase (TR) activity of two Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis clinical isolates, which were labeled as responder (R) and non-responder (NR) after patient treatment with Glucantime®. Both isolates were characterized based on in vitro susceptibility to Sb and Sb and trypanothione reductase (TR) activity. Sb and Sb discriminated susceptibility profiles in all parasite forms, since isolate NR had significantly higher EC values than isolate R. Differences were observed in TR activity between promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes: R (0.439 ± 0.009, 0.103 ± 0.01 and 0.185 ± 0.01AU.min.μg of protein) and NR (1.083 ± 0.04, 0.914 ± 0.04 and 0.343 ± 0.04 AU. min.μg of protein), respectively. Incubation with Sb and Sb using each form EC value caused a time-dependent differential effect on TR activity suggesting that oxidative defense is related to the antimony susceptibility phenotype. Data gathered here shows a biochemical approach able to discriminate two L. (V.) braziliensis clinical isolates measurements TR activity of promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes.
Topics: Leishmania braziliensis; Antimony; Leishmania; Meglumine Antimoniate
PubMed: 36586564
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.12.010 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Mar 2014Even though antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) are chemical analogs, differences exist on how they are taken up and translocated in plants. We investigated 1) Sb uptake,...
Even though antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) are chemical analogs, differences exist on how they are taken up and translocated in plants. We investigated 1) Sb uptake, efflux and speciation in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata after 1 d exposure to 1.6 or 8 mg/L antimonite (SbIII) or antimonate (SbV), 2) Sb uptake by PV accessions from Florida, China, and Brazil after 7 d exposure to 8 mg/L SbIII, and 3) Sb uptake and oxidation by excised PV fronds after 1 d exposure to 8 mg/L SbIII or SbV. After 1 d exposure, P. vittata took 23-32 times more SbIII than SbV, with all Sb being accumulated in the roots with the highest at 4,192 mg/kg. When exposed to 8 mg/L SbV, 98% of Sb existed as SbV in the roots. In comparison, when exposed to 8 mg/L SbIII, 81% of the total Sb remained as SbIII and 26% of the total Sb was effluxed out into the media. The three PV accessions had a similar ability to accumulate Sb at 12,000 mg/kg in the roots, with >99% of total Sb in the roots. Excised PV fronds translocated SbV more efficiently from the petioles to pinnae than SbIII and were unable to oxidize SbIII. Overall, P. vittata displayed efficient root uptake and efflux of SbIII with limited ability to translocate and transform in the roots.
Topics: Antimony; Arsenic; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Roots; Pteris; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 24370668
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.033