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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022A new antimony(III)-phthalocyanine complex with the formula of [(SbPc)(SbI)(SbBr)] has been obtained in the reaction of pure antimony powder with phthalonitrile under...
A new antimony(III)-phthalocyanine complex with the formula of [(SbPc)(SbI)(SbBr)] has been obtained in the reaction of pure antimony powder with phthalonitrile under the oxidation conditions by iodine monobromide vapors. The complex crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group of the triclinic system. Both independent (SbPc) units exhibit non-planar conformation, since the Sb(III) is larger than the equilibrium cavity size of the ring and cannot be accommodated without its expansion; thus, the metal protrudes out of the cavity, forming a saucer shape. The centrosymmetric anionic unit of the crystal consists of two (SbI) interacted anionic units forming (SbI) anionic complex that interacts with two SbBr molecules to form [SbIBr] anionic aggregate. Each [SbIBr] anionic aggregate is surrounded by four (SbPc) cations forming a supramolecular centrosymmetric (SbPc)[SbIBr] complex. Translationally related (SbPc)[SbIBr] molecules form a stacking structure along the [100] and [011] directions with N-N distances of 3.55 and 3.53 Å, respectively, between the back-to-back-oriented saucer-shaped (SbPc) units. The interaction between the building units of the crystal was analyzed using the Hirshfeld surface and the analysis of the 2D fingerprint plots. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of crystal were taken in CHCl and toluene solutions in the concentration range from 10 to 10 mol/L. No significant changes related to aggregation in solutions were observed. The Q-band in toluene solution is red shifted by ~15 nm in comparison to that in CHCl solution. Oxidation of (SbPc)[SbIBr] yields SbPc derivative. Both Sb and Sb phthalocyanine derivatives absorb near infrared light (600-900 nm), which should be intriguing from the point of view of potential use as photosensitizers for PDT and as an infrared cut filter for plasma display and silicon photodiodes.
Topics: Antimony; Indoles; Isoindoles; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 35335201
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061839 -
Environmental Toxicology and... Jun 2023This work studied the distribution, reactivity, and biological effects of pentavalent or trivalent antimony (Sb(V), Sb(III)) and N-methylglucamine antimonate (NMG-Sb(V))...
This work studied the distribution, reactivity, and biological effects of pentavalent or trivalent antimony (Sb(V), Sb(III)) and N-methylglucamine antimonate (NMG-Sb(V)) in Wistar Rats. The expression of fibrosis genes such as α - SMA, PAI-1, and CTGF were determined in Liver, and Kidney tissues. Wistar rats were treated with different concentrations of Sb(V), Sb(III), As(V) and As(III), and MA via intra-peritoneal injections. The results indicated a noteworthy elevation in mRNA levels of plasminogen activator 1 (PAI-1) in the kidneys of rats that were injected. The main accumulation site for Sb(V) was observed to be the liver, from which it is primarily excreted in its reduced form (Sb(III)) through the urine. The generation of Sb(III) in the kidneys has been found to induce damage through the expression of α-SMA and CTGF, and also lead to a higher creatinine clearance compared to As(III).
Topics: Rats; Animals; Antimony; Rats, Wistar; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; Meglumine Antimoniate
PubMed: 37236494
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104160 -
International Archives of Occupational... May 1998The aim of the study was to test the suitability of 24-h urine, blood, and scalp-hair samples as surrogates for the determination of internal exposure to antimony in...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to test the suitability of 24-h urine, blood, and scalp-hair samples as surrogates for the determination of internal exposure to antimony in case of a strongly elevated soil contamination with antimony.
METHODS
The bio-monitoring was performed using graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Blood and scalp-hair samples were decomposed by microwave digestion.
RESULTS
No elevated content of antimony could be detected in 24-h urine, blood, or scalp-hair samples from the study participants geogenically exposed to antimony. The results did not show a correlation between the antimony contents in the soil of the housing area and those in urine, blood, or hair. Surprisingly, the reference group (n = 47) showed a significantly higher median antimony excretion rate than did the exposed group (n = 89; 1.23 versus 0.60 micrograms Sb/24 h). Additionally, the scalp-hair contents of the reference group were also significantly higher than those of the exposed persons (0.045 versus 0.026 mg Sb/kg). Blood contents of the two study groups were 0.57 and 0.48 microgram Sb/l, respectively. The detection limit for urine and blood was 0.5 microgram Sb/l and that for scalp hair was 0.005 mg Sb/kg. Of all samples of urine, blood, and scalp hair analyzed, 31.2%, 49.3%, and 10.3%, respectively, were below the limit of analytical detection.
CONCLUSIONS
The antimony contents recorded for both study groups in urine, blood, and scalp hair can be judged as being within the normal range. The rate of transfer of antimony from the soil to humans in the exposure case described seemed to be very low. With respect to analytical practicability and validity, urine was the surrogate which deemed most useful for determination of internal exposure to antimony.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimony; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Hair; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 9591164
DOI: 10.1007/s004200050273 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2014Antimony (Sb) accumulation in rice is a potential threat to human health, but its uptake mechanisms are unclear. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate...
Antimony (Sb) accumulation in rice is a potential threat to human health, but its uptake mechanisms are unclear. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate uptake, translocation, speciation and subcellular distribution of Sb in rice plants exposed to antimonite (SbIII) and antimonate (SbV) at 0.2, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/L for 4h. More Sb was accumulated in iron plaque than in the plant, with both the roots (~10-12 times) and Fe plaque (~28-54 times) sequestering more SbIII than SbV. The presence of iron plaque decreased uptake of both SbV and SbIII. SbIII uptake kinetics fitted better to the Michaelis-Menten function than SbV. Antimonate (56 to 98%) was the predominant form in rice plant with little methylated species being detected using HPLC-ICP-MS. Cell walls accumulated more Sb than organelles and cytosol, which were considered as the first barrier against Sb entering into cells. Sb transformation and subcellular distribution can help to understand the metabolic mechanisms of Sb in rice.
Topics: Antimony; Environmental Monitoring; Oryza; Plant Roots; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 24419289
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.103 -
Chemosphere Jul 2011Antimony (Sb) is extensively used in flame retardants, lead-acid batteries, solder, cable coverings, ammunition, fireworks, ceramic and porcelain glazes and...
Antimony (Sb) is extensively used in flame retardants, lead-acid batteries, solder, cable coverings, ammunition, fireworks, ceramic and porcelain glazes and semiconductors. However, the geochemical fate of antimony (Sb) remained largely unexplored. Among the different Sb species, Sb (V) is the dominant form in the soil environment in a very wide redox range. Although earlier studies have examined the fate of Sb in the presence of iron oxides such as goethite and hematite, few studies till date reported the interaction of Sb (V) with gibbsite, a common soil Al-oxide mineral. The objective of this study was to understand the sorption behavior of Sb (V) on gibbsite as a function of various solution properties such as pH, ionic strength (I), and initial Sb concentrations, and to interpret the sorption-edge data using a surface complexation model. A batch sorption study with 20 g L(-1) gibbsite was conducted using initial Sb concentrations range of 2.03-16.43 μM, pH values between 2 and 10, and ionic strengths (I) between 0.001 and 0.1M. The results suggest that Sb (V) sorbs strongly to the gibbsite surface, possibly via inner-sphere type mechanism with the formation of a binuclear monodentate surface complex. Weak I effect was noticed in sorption-edge data or in the isotherm data at a low surface coverage. Sorption of Sb (V) on gibbsite was highest in the pH range of 2-4, and negligible at pH 10. Our results suggest that gibbsite will likely play an important role in immobilizing Sb (V) in the soil environment.
Topics: Adsorption; Aluminum Hydroxide; Antimony; Fresh Water; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Models, Chemical; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 21481912
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.028 -
Journal of Environmental Monitoring :... Dec 2005The toxicology of antimony and its compounds is known from three sources: its medicinal use over centuries, studies of process workers in more recent times, and more...
The toxicology of antimony and its compounds is known from three sources: its medicinal use over centuries, studies of process workers in more recent times, and more recent still, studies of its presence in modern city environments and in domestic environments. Gross exposure to antimony compounds over long periods, usually the sulfide (SbS3) or the oxide (Sb2O3) has occurred in antimony miners and in antimony process workers. There have been relatively few of these, and few studies of possible symptoms have been made. Antimony sulfide imported from, at different times, China, South Africa, and South America was processed in the North-East of England from about 1870 to 2003. The process workers in North-East England have been studied at different times, notably by Sir Thomas Oliver in 1933, and by the Newcastle upon Tyne University Department of Occupational Medicine on later occasions. Studies which have been made of the working environment, and in particular of the risk of lung cancer in process workers, have underlined the high levels of exposure to antimony compounds and to other toxic materials. However, the working conditions in antimony processing have improved markedly over the last 30 years, and the workforce had been much reduced in numbers following automation of the process. Prior to the cessation of the industry in the UK it had become a 'white coat' operation with relatively few people exposed to high concentrations of antimony. Antimony, which is normally present in domestic environments, has also been studied as a possible cause of cot death syndrome (SIDS) but extensive investigations have not confirmed this. The full importance of environmental antimony has still to be determined, and evidence of specific effects has not yet been presented.
Topics: Air Pollutants, Occupational; Air Pollution, Indoor; Animals; Antimony; England; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Occupational Exposure; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 16307078
DOI: 10.1039/b509118g -
Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England... Jul 2023The structures of the pentavalent antimonials, small-molecule Sb-containing drugs used to treat the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis, remain unknown despite...
The structures of the pentavalent antimonials, small-molecule Sb-containing drugs used to treat the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis, remain unknown despite their widespread use for over half a century. These drugs are prepared by combination of an Sb(V) precursor and a sugar derivative and proposed structures frequently invoke a cyclic stiborane motif in which a vicinal diolate ligand chelates an Sb(V) center. As a step towards better understanding the structures of the pentavalent antimonial drugs, a series of cyclic organostiboranes spanning the stereochemical space afforded by a vicinal diolate motif has been synthesized and characterized. X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy provide unambiguous characterization of the structures of these model compounds and of the interaction of the diolate with the Sb(V) center. Particularly notable are the systematic trends observed in the NMR spectroscopic signals as a function of the stereochemistry of the diolate. The spectroscopic signatures identified with these model compounds will provide a framework for elucidating the structures of the pentavalent antimonial drugs.
Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Antimony
PubMed: 37357833
DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01623d -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2014Antimony-based drugs are still the mainstay of chemotherapy against Leishmania infections in many countries where the parasites are endemic. The efficacy of antimonials...
Antimony-based drugs are still the mainstay of chemotherapy against Leishmania infections in many countries where the parasites are endemic. The efficacy of antimonials has been compromised by increasing numbers of resistant infections, the basis of which is not fully understood and likely involves multiple factors. By using a functional cloning strategy, we recently identified a novel antimony resistance marker, ARM58, from the parasite Leishmania braziliensis that protects the parasites against antimony-based antileishmanial compounds. Here we show that the Leishmania infantum homologue also confers resistance against antimony but not against other antileishmanial drugs and that its function depends critically on one of four conserved domains of unknown function. This critical domain requires at least two hydrophobic amino acids and is predicted to form a transmembrane structure. Overexpression of ARM58 in antimony-exposed parasites reduces the intracellular Sb accumulation by over 70%, indicating a role for ARM58 in Sb extrusion pathways, but without involvement of energy-dependent transporter proteins.
Topics: Antimony; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Protozoan; Genetic Markers; In Vitro Techniques; Leishmania infantum; Trypanocidal Agents
PubMed: 24366738
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01881-13 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Mar 2020In this study, we demonstrate that a bacterial isolate Paraccocus versutus XT0.6 from the Xikuangshan antimony mine, the world largest antimony deposit, is capable of...
In this study, we demonstrate that a bacterial isolate Paraccocus versutus XT0.6 from the Xikuangshan antimony mine, the world largest antimony deposit, is capable of stibnite dissolution, oxidation of Sb(III), and formation of secondary Sb(V) bearing mineral. The isolate could oxidize dissolved Sb(III) aerobically and anaerobically. It was able to dissolve Sb(III) in solid minerals, which was subsequently oxidized to Sb(V) completely. Part of Sb(V) was scavenged by the formation of secondary Sb(V)-bearing mineral mopungite [NaSb(OH)] in the biotic experiments. In contrast, Sb(III) released from mineral/rocks was only partially oxidized to Sb(V) and no secondary Sb-bearing mineral was formed in abiotic controls. These results demonstrated that microbial processes involved in the mobilization, oxidation, and transformation of antimony in minerals/rocks under ambient environmental conditions and offer new insights in biogeochemistry of Sb at mining areas.
Topics: Antimony; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Minerals; Mining; Oxidation-Reduction; Rhodobacteraceae; Solubility
PubMed: 31740307
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121561 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2021Arsenic and antimony are coexisting cumulative environmental pollutants that cause severe and extensive biological toxicity. However, their interactions and toxic...
Arsenic and antimony are coexisting cumulative environmental pollutants that cause severe and extensive biological toxicity. However, their interactions and toxic mechanisms in the liver remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, a total of sixty 4-week-old mice were divided into four groups and treated with 4 mg/kg arsenic trioxide (ATO) or/and 15 mg/kg antimony (Sb) for 60 days. The results demonstrated that biochemical indicators of hepatotoxicity (ALT, AST, ALP) were upregulated in all treated groups. Additionally, the oxidative burden of the liver was increased in the cotreated groups compared with the individual toxicant-treated groups. Meanwhile, mitochondrial injury, autophagosomes, hepatic-congestion and karyopyknosis were obviously observed in cotreated groups. Additionally, coupled with serum biochemical index (TG, TC), histopathology examination and metabolomics results, we found that cotreatment with ATO and Sb resulted in lipid metabolism disorder and steatosis of liver tissues. Our further investigation found that the levels of pro-apoptotic (Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, P53, Cytc) and mitophagy (LC3-B, P62, PINK1, Parkin) indexes in the cotreated groups were markedly increased, whereas the levels of anti-apoptosis index (Bcl-2) were decreased. Collectively, these results show that co-exposure to ATO and Sb can cause abnormal liver energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Moreover, mitophagy and apoptosis play important roles in the mechanisms of arsenic/antimony cytotoxicity to mouse livers.
Topics: Animals; Antimony; Apoptosis; Arsenic; Liver; Mice; Mitophagy; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 33676223
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146082